A live vaccine and an inactivated vaccine are alternatively available for typhoid vaccination.A parenteral conjugate vaccine (“bypassing the gastrointestinal tract,” i.e., with a syringe ) is under development and is being tested in studies of adults.
Typhoid fever is an acute disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi. It is manifested mainly by fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea (diarrhea) or constipation (constipation).
The following are the recommendations of the Standing Commission on Vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert Koch Institute:
Indications (areas of application)
- R: When traveling to endemic areas with stay in poor hygienic conditions.
Legend
- R: Vaccinations due to travel
Contraindications
- Persons with acute diseases requiring treatment.
- Persons with immunodeficiency (for live vaccine).
- Individuals who showed intolerance in a previous vaccination with the vaccine in question.
- Allergy to vaccine components (see manufacturer’s supplements).
- Children < 1 year (live vaccine); children < 2 years (dead vaccine).
- Allergy to vaccine components when vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine (see manufacturer’s supplements).
- Pregnancy around breastfeeding (only after strict risk assessment).
Implementation
- Basic immunization:
- Oral vaccination with a live attenuated vaccine in capsule form, which must be taken every two days, a total of four times; it provides protection for approximately five years Attention! During the oral vaccination and for three days afterwards, antibiotics, sulfonamides or antimalarials must not be taken. Laxatives are also to be avoided during the vaccination period!
- Injection vaccination with components of the virus, which must be administered only once; it provides protection for about two years.
- Booster vaccination:
- For oral vaccination: after 3 years if staying in endemic areas; otherwise after one year.
- For injection vaccination: After three years.
- A time interval to other vaccinations is not required
Efficacy
- Satisfactory efficacy (protection rate 50-70% in individuals >3 years).
- Vaccine protection from one week after vaccination
- Duration of protection in the endemic area several years
Possible side effects/vaccination reactions
- Fever occurs in 1-2% of those vaccinated
Other notes