Cardiovascular (I00-I99).
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAB; hemorrhage between the cribriform meninges and the soft meninges; incidence: 1-3%); symptomatology: proceed according to “Ottawa rule for subarachnoid hemorrhage”:
- Age ≥ 40 years
- Meningismus (symptom of painful neck stiffness in irritation and disease of the meninges).
- Syncope (brief loss of consciousness) or impaired consciousness (somnolence, sopor and coma).
- Onset of cephalgia (headache) during physical activity.
- Thunderclap headache/destructive headache (about 50% of cases).
- Restricted mobility of the cervical spine (Cervical spine).
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF; Rocky Mountain spotted fever) – most common and most severe disease caused by rickettsia (bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii) in the United States.
- Cerebral malaria (consider when entering the country from sub-Saharan Africa) – occurrence in approximately1% of patients with P. falciparium malaria – especially in children in sub-Saharan Africa; symptomatology: headache with general malaise; in children often accompanied by characteristic changes in the retina (so-called malaria retinopathy); furthermore, neurological focal symptoms such as paralysis and seizures, as well as coma; until death by respiratory arrest usually pass only 24 hours; despite treatment, about 15-20% of patients die; most fatalities are children under five years.
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Meningeosis carcinomatosa – metastases of a tumor disease in the meninges.
- Rupture of a tumor cyst – bursting of a cavity (cyst) filled with malignant cells (cancerous disease).
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Bacterial meningoencephalitis – combined inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis) caused by bacteria.
- Chronic meningitis – meningitis, which can be triggered by many different pathogens; these include Borrelia, Treponema pallidum (syphilis) or the HI virus.
- Empyema – collection of pus in a body cavity; can occur in the skull subdurally (under the hard meninges) and epidurally (on the hard meninges)
- Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
- Brain abscess – accumulation of pus in the brain (headache, nausea, vomiting, epileptic seizures, clouding of consciousness).
- Meningitis – as a complication of various systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis (synonyms: Boeck’s disease; Schaumann-Besnier’s disease; systemic disease of the connective tissue (skin, lungs and lymph nodes) with granuloma formation) or in the context of pneumonia (pneumonia).
