Pathogenesis (development of disease)
The following poisonings are common:
- Alcohols (esp. ethanol (ethanol); T51.-).
- Inorganic substances (T57.-).
- Gases, vapors, fumes, unspecified (T59.-)
- Poisons ingested with food (plants (esp. aconite/aconitine), fungi (orellanus, tuberous leaf fungus), etc.; T61.-, T62.-).
- Carbon monoxide (T58)
- Contact with poisonous animals (esp. insect bites; T63.-).
- Food (especially alcoholic beverages)
- Medications (T36.-T50.-):
- Drugs* and biologically active substances:
- T39: analgesics (approximately 40% 4-aminophenol derivatives such as acetaminophen; acetylsalicylic acid; opioids).
- T40 narcotics, methadone, hallucinogens (especially codeine, morphine).
- T42 Hypnotics (about 50% benzodiazepines), antiepileptic drugs.
- T42.1 Iminostilbene (carbamazepine).
- T42.6Other antiepileptic, sedative, and hypnotic drugs (valproic acid).
- T43 Antidepressants, antipsychotics (neuroleptics), psychotropic substances (unclassified).
- T44.7 Beta-receptor blockers, not elsewhere classified
- T46.0 Cardiac glycosides and drugs having a similar effect (digitalis glycosides).
- T46.1 Calcium antagonists
- T50.9 Other and unspecified medicinal products, drugs and biologically active substances – “teething aids” and other OTC preparations containing benzocaine → methemoglobinemia
- Mental and behavioral disorders resulting from acute intoxications with:
- F10.0 Alcohol (ethanol)
- F11.0 Opioids
- F13.0 Hypnotics, sedatives
- F15.0 Stimulants
- F19.0 multiple substance use
- Drugs* and biologically active substances:
- Metals (T56.-)
- Nicotine (T65.2)
- Pesticides (T60.-)
- Cosmetics
* Drugs in the sense of intoxicants are divided into:
- “Upper”; these lead to a sympathomimetic (“mimicking the action of the sympathetic nervous system” ) activation and serve to stimulate, euphoria and performance enhancement. Typical representatives are: Cocaine, amphetamines and amphetamine derivatives such as ecstasy.
- “Downer; these lead to a central attenuation and have a sedative (calming) and euphoric effect. Typical representatives are: Cannabis (hashish and marijuana), opiates / opioids, γ-hydroxybutyric acid (eg “liquid ecstasy“) or substitute drugs (γ-hydroxybutyrolactone or 1,4-butanediol).
- Hallucinogens. “Upper” (stimulants); these often have a psychedelic effect with expansion of consciousness. Typical representatives are: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide/lysergide) and phencyclidine (e.g. “Angel Dust”). Furthermore, serve as hallucinogens psilocybin-containing fungi such as Psilocybe semilanceata or nightshade plants such as Brugmansia and Datura spp.
The exact pathogenesis depends on the type of poisoning.
Etiology (causes)
Behavioral causes
- Pleasure food consumption
- Alcohol intoxication
- Shisha consumption (→ carbon monoxide poisoning; ingested amount of carbon monoxide can be ten times the dose compared to cigarette smoking)
- Drug use
- Drugs, unspecified
Disease-related causes.
Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified (R00-R99).
- Suicidality (suicidal tendencies).
Injuries, poisonings, and other consequences of external causes (S00-T98).
- Poisoning by medicines, drugs, biologically active substances.
- Poisoning by substances used primarily for non-medical purposes.
Environmental pollution – intoxications (poisonings).
- Carbon monoxide poisoning (synonyms: CO poisoning, CO intoxication, carbon monoxide poisoning or carbon monoxide poisoning).