Bile acids are end products of cholesterol metabolism. They belong to the group of steroids (substance class of lipids). Bile acids are formed in the liver from cholesterol by hydroxylation reactions (reaction to introduce one or more hydroxyl groups) and oxidative shortening of the side chain located on ring D. Bile acids include: Chenodeoxycholic acid … Bile Acids
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) essentially plays a catabolic role (“breakdown of metabolites”) by catalyzing the excretion of nitrogen from the organism via the release of ammonia from glutamate. GLDH elevation is an indicator of severe parenchymal cell damage (parenchyma: part of the liver containing hepatocytes/liver cells) and is a marker of liver disease with cell necrosis … Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GLDH)
Cholinesterase (CHE) is an enzyme belonging to group III of the EC classification (hydrolases), which catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the ester bond between the OH group of choline and the carboxy group of an organic acid. It is synthesized in the liver. In liver disease, the decrease in cholinesterase indicates that the synthesis power … Cholinesterase
Alkaline phosphatase (AP, ALP) belongs to a group of isoenzymes (liver AP, bile duct AP, bone AP (bone-specific also ostase), and small intestine AP) that accompany many different metabolic processes in the body. Since alkaline phosphatase is increasingly released into the blood during cholestasis (bile stasis), this laboratory parameter also belongs to the cholestasis enzymes. … Alkaline Phosphatase (AP)
Ammonia is a colorless, pungent-smelling gas composed of one nitrogen and three hydrogen atoms (NH3). The main site of formation in the human body is the intestine, particularly the colon (large intestine). Here, bacterial processes release and reabsorb ammonia from undigested protein. The breakdown takes place mainly in the liver. This explains why protein meals … Ammonia: Uses, Effects, Side Effects, Dosage, Interactions, Risks
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, ASAT; also called glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT)) is an enzyme produced primarily in hepatocytes (liver cells). It is thus a very sensitive marker for parenchymal liver damage. Aspartate aminotransferase, like alanine aminotransferase (ALT, ALAT; also called glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT)), belongs to the transaminases. These are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of … Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, GOT)
Bilirubin is the a breakdown product of hemoglobin (blood pigment). Bilirubin is formed by hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells) through several intermediate steps in the reticuloendothelial system indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin. It is then further broken down in the liver to direct (conjugated) bilirubin and passed with the bile to the intestine. There it is … Bilirubin: Uses, Effects, Side Effects, Dosage, Interactions, Risks
