Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of gonorrhea (gonorrhea). Family history Social history Current anamnesis/systemic anamnesis (somatic and psychological complaints). What symptoms have you noticed? Have you noticed a burning sensation when urinating? Have you noticed any discharge from the urethra and/or vagina? Do you have abdominal pain? Do … Gonorrhea: Medical History
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Chlamydial urethritis – inflammation of the urethra caused by bacteria of the Chlamydiaceae family. HIV infection Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – sex organs) (N00-N99) Mycoplasma urethritis – inflammation of the urethra caused by mycoplasma (type of bacteria without a cell wall). Trichomonad urethritis – urethritis caused by trichomonads, which … Gonorrhea: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
The following are the most important secondary diseases or complications that can be caused by gonorrhea (gonorrhea) with: Consequential diseases or complications of the woman Eyes and eye appendages (H00-H59). Amaurosis (blindness) Cardiovascular system (I00-I99) Endocarditis (meningitis of the heart). Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Recurrence (recurrence) of gonococcal infection. Sepsis (blood poisoning) Liver, gallbladder, … Gonorrhea: Complications
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate gonorrhea (clap): Woman Symptoms of “lower (acute) gonorrhea” in women. Cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix) – with increased vaginal discharge. Urethritis (urethritis) – accompanied by burning during urination and urethral discharge. The infection in women usually goes unrecognized due to only minor symptoms (> 70% of cases). Other … Gonorrhea: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Pathogenesis (development of disease) The pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is transmitted predominantly through direct sexual contact. In the process, it penetrates the body through microscopic skin lesions, especially in the area of the genital mucosa, and causes the symptoms described. The pathogen possesses various virulence factors, such as pili (affect the extent of epithelial damage), opacity-associated … Gonorrhea: Causes
General measures Partner management, i.e., infected partners, if any, must be located and treated (contacts must be traced for 3 months). Observance of general hygiene measures! Genital hygiene Once a day, the genital area should be washed with a pH neutral care product. Washing several times a day with soap, intimate lotion or disinfectant destroys … Gonorrhea: Therapy
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, body weight, body height; furthermore: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes, sclera (white part of the eye) [conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva); rare: Blepharoconjunctivitis (severely swollen, reddened eyelids, creamy discharge from the eye; in … Gonorrhea: Examination
Laboratory parameters of the 1st order – obligatory laboratory tests. Microscopic examination of specimens such as urethral swabs, ejaculate, or cervical swabs (cervical smears) (as well as rectal/mastrointestinal and pharyngeal/pharyngeal, as appropriate) – Detection of Gram-negative diplococci in purulent urethral secretions (typically intracellular)Note: Microscopy (only in men with symptomatic urethritis). Cultural detection of gonococci (this … Gonorrhea: Test and Diagnosis
Therapeutic target Elimination of the pathogens Avoidance of complications Partner management, i.e., infected partners, if any, must be located and treated (contacts must be traced for 3 months) [see guidelines below: 2]. Treatment recommendations Antibiotic therapy [see guidelines below: 1]: Uncomplicated gonorrhea: 1 g ceftriaxone i.m. (first-line agent) or i.v., combined with azithromycin 1.5 g, … Gonorrhea: Drug Therapy
Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic clarification and in the case of secondary diseases. Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound examination of abdominal organs) – for suspected perihepatitis, adnexitis (ovarian inflammation) or abscesses in the abdomen. Echocardiography (echo; cardiac … Gonorrhea: Diagnostic Tests
To prevent gonorrhea (gonorrhea), attention must be paid to reducing risk factors Behavioral risk factors Sexual transmission Promiscuity (sexual contact with relatively frequently changing different partners). Prostitution Men who have sex with men (MSM). Sexual contacts in the vacation country Unprotected coitus Sexual practices with high risk of mucosal injury (e.g., unprotected anal intercourse).
