Mandatory medical device diagnostics. Computed tomography of the skull (cranial CT, cranial CT or cCT) or cranial magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI)-should be performed at least once as part of the diagnostic workup to rule out symptomatic causes in the diagnosis of PD (expert consensus)For clinical neurologic verification of the diagnosis and for therapy monitoring, the … Parkinson’s Disease: Diagnostic Tests
In both animal experiments and studies of Parkinson’s disease patients, it has been found that L-dopa, the drug most commonly used in Parkinson’s disease, can lead to hyperhomocysteinemia (elevation of homocysteine levels in the blood). Therefore, when L-dopa is taken as part of micronutrient medicine (vital substances) to reduce homocysteine levels, care should be taken … Parkinson’s Disease: Micronutrient Therapy
Ultima ratio is stereotactic surgery, in which reversible implantation of deep cerebral electrodes is performed, usually in the area of the nucleus subthalamicus, or possibly in the area of the globus pallidus internus or other specific thalamic nuclei. Rarely, irreversible thermocoagulation is performed.
To prevent PD, attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Diet High intake of saturated fatty acids Micronutrient deficiency (vital substances) – see Prevention with micronutrients. Drug use Amphetamine-type stimulants (e.g., methamphetamine; colloquially, crystal meth, meth, or crystal) lead to a 2.8-fold risk of Physical activity Physical inactivity – subjects … Parkinson’s Disease: Prevention
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate PD: Leading symptoms (Parkinson’s disease triad): Akinesia (immobility, rigidity of movement). Rigor (stiffness of the muscles as a result of an increase in muscle tone, which persists throughout passive movement, in contrast to spasticity; cogwheel phenomenon: jerky yielding of muscle tone during passive movement of an extremity). Tremor … Parkinson’s Disease: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Pathogenesis (disease development) About 80% of PD cases are idiopathic, meaning the cause is unknown. Experimental studies raise the suspicion that PD, similar to Creutzfelt-Jakob disease, is caused by the spread of infectious proteins in the brain (prion disease). In the course of the disease, neurons of the substantia nigra (nuclear complex in the area … Parkinson’s Disease: Causes
General measures Nicotine restriction (refraining from tobacco use). Alcohol abstinence (abstaining from alcohol Preservation of normal weight strive!Determination of BMI (body mass index, body mass index) or body composition by means of electrical impedance analysis and, if necessary, participation in a medically supervised program for underweight. Verification of driving license: with the diagnosis of idiopathic … Parkinson’s Disease: Therapy
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90). Amyloidopathies – abnormal accumulation of abnormally altered proteins in the interstitium (between cells), which is possible in almost all organs. Chédiak-Higashi disease – very rare metabolic disease that leads mainly to pigment deficiency and recurrent infections. Hypoparathyroidism (hypothyroidism of the parathyroid gland). Wilson’s disease (copper storage disease) – autosomal … Parkinson’s Disease: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by PD: Eyes and eye appendages (H00-H59). Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS; dry eye syndrome; sicca syndrome; keratoconjunctivitis sicca; English “dry eye syndrome”) (applies to atypical Parkinson’s disease (PPS) with gaze paresis and early falls in the course of the disease and to … Parkinson’s Disease: Complications
Parkinson’s syndromes are divided into four groups: Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPS, Parkinson’s disease, approximately 75% of all PS), classified into the following courses with respect to clinical symptoms: Akinetic-rigid type (immobility, rigidity of movement; stiffness of the muscles due to an increase in muscle tone). Equivalent type Tremor dominance type Monosymptomatic rest tremor/rest tremor (rare … Parkinson’s Disease: Classification
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin and mucous membranes [hypersalivation (synonyms: sialorrhea, sialorrhea, or ptyalism; increased salivation)] Throat Aisle Akinesia (immobility, rigidity of movement). Bradykinesis – slowing of voluntary movements. Hypokinesia – amplitude reduction … Parkinson’s Disease: Examination
2nd order laboratory parameters – depending on the results of the medical history, physical examination, etc. – for differential diagnostic clarification Beta-amyloid and tau protein (in cerebrospinal fluid) [see below, “Further notes”]. Parkinson’s disease genetic test – test that can be performed when familial Parkinson’s disease is suspected; currently, more than 10 genes are known … Parkinson’s Disease: Test and Diagnosis
