The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE intake recommendations (e.g., due to dietary habits, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, … Sodium and Chloride: Supply
Phosphorus is a chemical element with the element symbol P. As a nonmetal, it is in the 5th main group of the periodic table and carries the atomic or atomic number 15. The abundance of phosphorus in the earth’s crust is given as 0.09%. Phosphorus is an essential mineral for humans and is the most … Phosphorus: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport and Distribution
Phosphorus is an important bone building block in the compound as calcium phosphate in hydroxyapatite.Phosphorus has other important functions: Phospholipids – building blocks of the cell membrane. Energy production and storage phosphorylated building blocks, such as ATP – adenosine triphosphate, nucleic acids (DNA;RNA), which are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information, and creatinine phosphate … Phosphorus: Functions
Interactions of phosphorus with other agents (micronutrients, foods): Calcium and vitamin D Dietary phosphorus is absorbed in the small intestine, and the excess is subsequently excreted by the kidneys. Both calcium and phosphate serum levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D. Even a small drop in serum calcium levels – such as … Phosphorus: Interactions
Inadequate phosphorus intake causes abnormally low serum phosphate levels – known as hypophosphatemia (phosphate deficiency). This leads to loss of appetite, anemia, muscle weakness, bone pain, rickets in children, bone loss in adults, weak immune system with frequent infections, numbness and tingling in the extremities, and difficulty walking. Severe hypophosphatemia (phosphate deficiency) can lead to … Phosphorus: Symptoms of Deficiency
Groups at risk for deficiency include individuals with Inadequate parenteral nutrition Severe malabsorption Chronic alcoholism Excessive use of aluminum-containing antacids (aluminum forms insoluble, non-absorbable compounds with phosphate, so phosphate absorption is inhibited) Certain renal dysfunction Hyperparathyroidism Vitamin D deficiency X-linked familial hypophosphatemia (phosphate deficiency; dysfunction of intestinal and/or renal phosphate carriers), which is associated with … Phosphorus: Risk Groups
The United Kingdom Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) last evaluated vitamins and minerals for safety in 2003 and set a so-called Safe Upper Level (SUL) or Guidance Level for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This SUL or Guidance Level reflects the safe maximum amount of a micronutrient that will not cause … Phosphorus: Safety Assessment
In the National Nutrition Survey II (NVS II, 2008), the dietary behavior of the population was investigated for Germany and it was shown how this affects the average daily nutrient intake with macro- and micronutrients (vital substances). The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are used as the basis for … Magnesium: Supply Situation
The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE recommendations (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, etc.). Furthermore, … Magnesium: Intake
Minerals (synonym: minerals) are essential (vital) inorganic nutrients, which the organism cannot produce itself; they must be supplied to it with food.Based on their concentration in the human body and their quantity ratio in the daily requirement, they are divided into two groups – the so-called bulk elements or macroelements and the trace elements or … Minerals
Sodium is a monovalent cation (positively charged ion) with the chemical symbol Na+, which is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. It is in the 1st main group in the periodic table and thus belongs to the group of alkali metals. Elemental sodium was first obtained from sodium hydroxide (NaOH) by fused-salt … Sodium: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
The functions of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) – commonly known as common salt NaCL – are presented below: NaCl is found as Na+ and Cl- extracellularly, that is, outside the cells – in the blood plasma in contrast to potassium, which is accumulated intracellularly, that is, inside the cell. The different concentrations – inside … Sodium: Functions
