Folate Homocysteine can be remethylated to methionine in two different ways – Folate is important for one pathway and choline for the other. In the first case, homocysteine is methylated to methionine (addition of CH 3 groups) by the enzyme methionine synthase. For this process, methionine synthase requires methyl tetrafolate as a methyl group donor … Choline: Interactions
The American Institute of Medicine (IoM) established an intake of 7.5 g of choline/day as the lowest evaluated intake level that produced an adverse effect (LOAEL), and on this basis, as well as taking into account a safety factor and rounding, established a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). This UL reflects the safe maximum … Choline: Safety Assessment
In their study, Vennemann et al recorded the average choline intake of Europeans. This is between 244-373 mg/day in young adults (10-18 years), 291-468 mg/day in adults in the range (18-65 years), and 284-450 mg/day in older individuals. They compiled, based on the results of 12 European studies, an overview of total choline intake in … Choline: Supply Situation
The following physiological processes are influenced by glucosamine sulfateStimulation of anabolic, cartilage-protective effects (= chondroprotectants/cartilage-protective substances): Main substrate for collagen synthesis and for the formation of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, respectively, in the extracellular matrix (extracellular matrix, intercellular substance, ECM, ECM) of cartilage tissue. Increase the incorporation of proline and sulfate in the cartilage matrix. Increase … Glucosamine Sulfate: Functions
Phosphatidyl choline is considered the main form of choline and is a component of human food as well as animal tissues. As a form of choline, it can be assumed that the safety assessment of phosphatidyl choline is the same as that of choline. The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IoM) established an intake of 7.5 … Phosphatidyl Choline: Safety Assessment
Phosphatidyl serine (PS) is a naturally occurring phospholipid whose phosphoric acid residue is esterified with the amino acid serine. Metabolism PS, like phosphatidylcholine, can be synthesized endogenously in sufficient amounts. However, if there is a deficit of the amino acid methionine, vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin B12 (cobalamin), or essential fatty acids, sufficient phosphatidylserine cannot … Phosphatidyl Serine: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport and Distribution
The following functions are known: Component of cell membranes – phosphatidylserine is found exclusively in the inner membrane layer – cytoplasmic side – interacts closely with intracellular proteins – PS is particularly important for the activation of protein kinase C, which is important for the phosphorylation of other proteins Regulation of neurotransmitter release and involvement … Phosphatidyl Serine: Functions
Scientists demonstrated in several studies that a daily intake of 300 mg phosphatidyl serine (PS) from bovine cortex was tolerated by patients. In addition, a clinical trial evaluated human tolerance to phosphatidyl serine from soy. The researchers described an intake of 200 mg of soy phosphatidyl serine three times daily as safe in elderly subjects. … Phosphatidyl Serine: Safety Assessment
Choline was discovered in 1864 by the German chemist Adolph Friedrich Ludwig Strecker.It is an essential nutrient, i.e., necessary for life.It belongs to the quaternary amines (2-hydroxyethyl-N, N, N-trimethylammonium) and is present in the diet in free and esterified forms. Choline can be synthesized by the human organism itself, but in many cases the amount … Choline: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE recommendations (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, etc.). Furthermore, … Vitamin K: Intake
The body depends on the daily supply of vitamins with food. Vitamins and their precursors (pro-vitamins) are therefore essential food components.Unlike macronutrients (nutrients), vitamins do not serve as building materials or as energy suppliers, but essentially perform enzymatic (catalytic) and controlling tasks in numerous processes of the human body. Based on their solubility, vitamins are … Vitamins List and Function
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is classified as a member of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, which are carbohydrate side chains that are essential components of proteoglycans. All glycosaminoglycans consist of 1,4-glycosidically linked disaccharide units. In the case of chondroitins, sulfuric acid is regularly attached to oxygen or nitrogen atoms, so that they usually react … Chondroitin Sulfate: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
