Acid-base status PH ↓ Bicarbonate (HCO3-) current ↑ Bicarbonate standard – normal Basenexcess (base excess) – normal Blood carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) ↑ (hypercapnia). Other possible examinations Partial pressure of oxygen in the blood (pO2) ↓ Oxygen saturation (SpO2) Acidoses and alkaloses Acidosis Alkalosis metabolic respiratory metabolic respiratory comp. decomp. comp. decomp. comp. decomp. … Respiratory Acidosis: Test and Diagnosis
Therapeutic target Restoration of sufficient (“adequate”) respiration. Therapy recommendations Therapy depends on the underlying disorder See also under “Further therapy.”
Optional medical device diagnostics–depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics,and obligatory medical device diagnostics–for differential diagnosis. X-ray of the chest (X-ray thorax/chest), in two planes – as part of the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases such as obstructive bronchitis or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Pulmonary function tests (spirometry (basic examination in … Respiratory Acidosis: Diagnostic Tests
To prevent respiratory (breathing-related) acidosis, attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Drug use Opiates – powerful painkillers such as morphine. Overweight (BMI ≥ 25; obesity). Other risk factors Pulmonary disease and flying (here a hypoxia challenge test (HCT) is indicated to simulate the flight situation) – respiratory acidosis (hypercapnia) … Respiratory Acidosis: Prevention
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate respiratory (breathing-related) acidosis: Central cyanosis-blue discoloration of the skin and central mucous membranes/tongue due to lack of oxygen in the blood. Dyspnea – difficult breathing, feeling of shortness of breath. Tachycardia – heartbeat too fast: > 100 beats per minute. Pulmonary hypertension – high blood pressure caused by … Respiratory Acidosis: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Pathogenesis (disease development) In respiratory acidosis, inadequate respiration (hypoventilation) is present. As a result, too little CO2 is released from the lungs. As a result, the blood pCO2 partial pressure increases (hypercapnia) and the pH falls below 7.36. Causes of acute and chronic respiratory acidosis include: Acute and chronic inhibition (inhibition) of the medullary respiratory … Respiratory Acidosis: Causes
General measures In acute cases: Increase breathing Non-invasive or invasive ventilation to improve respiratory acidosis, if necessary. In the chronic case: Bronchospasmolysis – resolution of bronchial muscle spasms. Secretolysis – solution of secretions Aim for normal weight! Determination of BMI (body mass index, body mass index) or body composition by means of electrical impedance analysis … Respiratory Acidosis: Therapy
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination–including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae (white part of eye) [central cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin and central mucous membranes, e.g., tongue); facial flushing, conjunctival injection (bright red blood vessels in conjunctiva)] … Respiratory Acidosis: Examination
Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of respiratory (breathing-related) acidosis. Family history Are there any diseases in your family that are common? What is the general health of your family members? Social history Is there any evidence of psychosocial stress or strain due to your family situation? Current medical … Respiratory Acidosis: Medical History
Respiratory System (J00-J99). ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome) – acute respiratory failure. Bronchial asthma Atelectasis – collapse of portions of the lungs. Respiratory muscle paralysis Pulmonary emphysema – lung disease with non-functioning alveoli. Pulmonary disease with disorders of gas exchange, unspecified. Obstructive bronchitis – constriction of the bronchi with corresponding limitation of lung function. Pneumoconiosis … Respiratory Acidosis: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
The following are the major diseases or complications that may be contributed to by respiratory (breathing-related) acidosis: Respiratory system (J00-J99) Increasing pulmonary dysfunction Cardiovascular system (I00-I99) Cardiovascular arrest
