Respiratory System (J00-J99)
- Hematothorax – accumulation of blood in the pleural space.
- Chylothorax – accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space.
- Pleural empyema – accumulation of pus in the pleural space; Note: risk of esophageal perforation (esophageal perforation; rare).
- Pleurisy (pleurisy) – e.g. with pneumococci, streptococci.
- Pneumonia (pneumonia)
- Pseudochylothorax – accumulation of lymph-like fluid in the pleural space.
Blood, hematopoietic organs – immune system (D50-D90).
- Sarcoidosis (synonyms: Boeck’s disease; Schaumann-Besnier’s disease) – systemic disease of connective tissue with granuloma formation.
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Hypoalbuminemia – decreased occurrence of albumin (protein) in the blood.
- Myxedema – pasty (puffy; bloated) skin that shows nonpushable, doughy edema (swelling) that is not positional; facial and peripheral; occurring primarily on the lower legs; in the setting of hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism)
- Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) – may occur in rare cases during ovulation induction in the setting of artificial insemination. The clinical picture varies greatly depending on the severity; OHSS is caused by the supply of gonadotropins (hormones), which stimulate follicle maturation (egg maturation), respectively, to induce ovulation (ovulation).
Skin and subcutaneous (L00-L99).
- Yellow-nail syndrome (YNS) – syndrome of unknown etiology, in which, as a result of nail dystrophy (growth disorders the nails), the nails thicken and turn yellowish, and furthermore a pleural effusion and lymphedema develop. In addition, dilated (expanded) bronchi and recurrent (recurrent) sinusitis (sinusitis) may occur.
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99)
- Acute pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium).
- Dressler syndrome (synonyms: postmyocardial infarction syndrome, postcardiotomy syndrome) – pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium) and/or pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura) occurring several weeks (1-6 weeks) after a myocardial infarction (heart attack) or injury to the myocardium (heart muscle) as a late immunologic reaction at the pericardium (heart sac) after formation of heart muscle antibodies (HMA).
- Heart failure (cardiac insufficiency)
- Right heart failure (right heart weakness) – inability of the right heart to pump blood sufficiently through the circulatory system.
- Left heart failure (left heart weakness) – pleural effusion occurs on the floor of the left heart failure; pleura visceralis is the place of origin of the effusion in this case
- Pulmonary embolism – occlusion of vessels supplying the lungs by an embolus (blood clot); about 20-55% of patients with pulmonary embolism have a pleural effusion
- Obstruction of the superior vena cava (superior vena cava), unspecified.
- Pulmonary hypertension (PH: pressure increase in the pulmonary arterial system) – prevalence (disease frequency) of pleural effusion is about 20%, occur more on the right side.
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Bacterial infections, unspecified
- Mycoses (fungal infections), unspecified
- Parasitoses – infections with parasites -, unspecified.
- Tuberculosis (consumption)
- Viral infections, unspecified
Liver, gallbladder and bile ducts – Pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87).
- Acute pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).
- Liver cirrhosis – degenerative change in the lobular structure of the liver.
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Acute peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum).
- Intraabdominal abscesses – encapsulated collections of pus in the abdomen.
- Esophageal perforation – perforation of the esophagus.
- Diaphragmatic hernia – soft tissue hernia in the area of the diaphragm.
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) – granulomatous (roughly: “granule-forming”) inflammation of small to medium-sized blood vessels in which the affected tissue is infiltrated (“walked through”) by eosinophilic granulocytes (inflammatory cells).
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis – necrotizing (tissue dying) vasculitis (vascular inflammation) of the small to medium-sized vessels (small-vessel vasculitides), which is associated with granuloma formation (nodule formation) in the upper respiratory tract (nose, sinuses, middle ear, oropharynx) as well as the lower respiratory tract (lungs)
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – systemic disease affecting the skin and connective tissue of the vessels, leading to vascular inflammation (vasculitides) of numerous organs such as the heart, kidneys, or brain; prevalence (disease frequency) of pleural effusion is high at 30-50% (polyserositis)
- Sjögren’s syndrome (group of sicca syndromes) – autoimmune disease from the group of collagenoses, which leads to a chronic inflammatory disease of the exocrine glands, most commonly the salivary and lacrimal glands; typical sequelae or complications of sicca syndrome are:
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome) due to lack of wetting of the cornea and conjunctiva with tear fluid.
- Increased susceptibility to caries due to xerostomia (dry mouth) due to reduced salivary secretion.
- Rhinitis sicca (dry nasal mucous membranes), hoarseness and chronic cough irritation and impaired sexual function due to disruption of mucous gland production of the respiratory tract and genital organs.
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Bronchial carcinoma (lung cancer)
- Gastrointestinal malignancies (malignant gastrointestinal tumors) (approximately 5% of all cases of malignant pleural effusion)
- Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy – malignant (malignant) disease of blood cells belonging to the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
- Leukemia, unspecified
- Lymphoma (approximately 10% of all cases of malignant pleural effusion).
- Mammary carcinoma (breast cancer) (about 25% of all cases of malignant pleural effusion).
- Meigs syndrome – simultaneous occurrence of fibroma of the ovary (ovary), ascites (abdominal fluid) and pleural effusion.
- Unspecified metastatic neoplasia – malignant neoplasm associated with the formation of daughter tumors.
- Pleural mesothelioma – a malignant tumor of the pleura arising from the mesothelial cells (celomic epithelium). [Initial description involved disease initiation from inhaled asbestos dust.]
- Pleuritis carcinomatosa – inflammation of the pleura (pleura) associated with metastasis to the pleura.
- Ovarian cancer (ovarian cancer) (about 5% of all cases of malignant pleural effusion).
Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – sex organs) (N00-N99).
- Nephrotic syndrome – collective term for symptoms occurring in various diseases of the glomerulus (renal corpuscles); symptoms include proteinuria (increased excretion of protein in the urine) with protein loss of more than 1 g/m²/body surface/d; hypoproteinemia, peripheral edema due to hypalbuminemia of < 2.5 g/dl in serum, hyperlipoproteinemia (dyslipidemia).
- Renal insufficiency (kidney weakness).
Injuries, poisoning, and other consequences of external causes (S00-T98).
- Injuries of the thorax (chest), unspecified.
Other
- Endoscopic esophageal variceal sclerotherapy – sclerotherapy of varicose veins of the esophagus by endoscope.
- Peritoneal dialysis – kidney replacement procedure that uses the peritoneum as a dialysis membrane.
- Condition after abdominal surgery – procedures in the abdominal cavity.
- Condition after bypass surgery in the heart
- Condition after liver transplantation (LTx)
- Condition after radiotherapy
Medication
- Amiodarone (antiarrhythmic drug)
- Beta blocker
- Bromocriptine (dopamine D2 agonist; inhibition of prolactin secretion).
- Clozapine (neuroleptic).
- Dantrolene (hydantoin derivative from the muscle relaxant group) – used in malignant hyperthermia
- Interleukin-2 (IL 2)
- Methotrexate (MTX)
- Methysergide (ergotamine derivative; drug from the group of serotonin antagonists) – used as a migraine medication.
- Monoclonal antibodies – pertuzumab, trastuzumab.
- Nitrofurantoin (antibiotic)
- Phenytoin (antiepileptic)
- Procarbazine (nonclassical alkylane with high antineoplastic activity; cytostatic).
Environmental exposures – intoxications (poisonings).
- Exposure to asbestos (asbestosis)
