General information Ephedrine is used in many medicines to treat colds and asthma. There have been many cases of unintentional doping, in which the active ingredient ephedrine has been found in athletes who have actually caught a cold. Thus, ephedrine, similar to caffeine, is tolerated at a limit concentration. The limit is 10 μg/ml urine. … Ephedrine
Prohormones are physiologically non-active or mildly active precursors of hormones. Body metabolism can convert prohormones into the actual, physiologically active hormone in one or more steps as needed. This is a very complex hormone regulatory system that plays a major role, especially in the activation of steroid hormones. What is a prohormone? Physiologically highly effective … Prohormone: Function & Diseases
Products Doping agents include approved drugs, legal and illegal intoxicants, experimental agents, and illegally manufactured and trafficked substances. Doping includes non-drug doping methods, such as blood doping, in addition to drugs. Effects Doping agents differ in their pharmacological activities. Stimulants, for example, stimulate and thus increase alertness and aggressiveness for competition. In contrast, beta-blockers provide … Doping in Competitive Sports
Hypogonadism is an underactivity of the gonads, which in men can take the form of posttesticular hypogonadism, for example. The cause of this fertility disorder is either sperm duct obstruction or other sperm motility impairment. If motility cannot be restored, artificial insemination is performed. What is posttesticular hypogonadism? There are different reasons for infertility and … Posttesticular Hypogonadism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Masculinization or androgenization refers to physical male changes in a woman. These occur when there is an excess of male hormones (androgens) in a woman’s body. What is masculinization (androgenization)? Masculinization occurs in a woman who shows an increased effect of male hormones, androgens. In a man or boy, these hormones ensure that the primary … Masculinization (Androgenization): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Products Testosterone is commercially available as a drug product including transdermal gel, transdermal patch, transdermal solution, and injectable. In some countries, other dosage forms such as buccal tablets are available. Andriol Testocaps capsules have been discontinued in many countries since 2020. Structure and properties Testosterone (C19H28O2, Mr = 288.4 g/mol) is a steroid. It exists … Testosterone Effects
Definition A generally valid definition of doping is not very easy. The definition must be clear and must not leave any room for interpretation. The IOC’s definition of doping therefore includes the term prohibited groups of active substances in order to automatically prohibit newly developed substances based on their group of active substances. Doping is … Doping
Interesting example The altitude training causes the increase of the hematocrit value of the blood in a similar way as the intake of erytropoietin. The latter counts as doping, but not altitude training. This should give food for thought to the existing doping discussion. The justification for banning the use of prohibited, performance-enhancing substances is … Interesting example | Doping
Explanation Strength training for targeted fat burning should always be considered in addition to endurance training. Since the pause length between the individual sets is only 30 seconds, many exercises can be completed in a short time. The pause length between the individual stations should not exceed the time of approx. 1 minute. The training … Training plan fat burning through strength training
Opioids, such as fentanyl, are used in sports as a drug for doping. The aim is not to directly increase performance, but rather to suppress the pain-induced cessation of exercise. Opioids are differentiated into endogenous opioids, which the organism releases in pain situations, and external to guided opioids for therapeutic treatment or abusive treatment in … Opioids
Definition Every muscle in the body consists of many muscle fibers, which in turn are combined into muscle bundles. The muscle fibers are made up of even smaller units called sarcomeres. When a muscle fiber tears, individual muscle fibers tear. This is caused by excessive strain. On the other hand, a rupture of a muscle … Torn muscle fibre of the forearm
Symptoms of a torn muscle fiber on the forearm In the case of a torn muscle fiber, severe pain in the forearm occurs immediately after the event. These can be felt both under stress and at rest. Every movement of the affected muscle increases the pain. The affected person adopts a gentle position of the … Symptoms of a torn muscle fiber on the forearm | Torn muscle fibre of the forearm