How does dexmedetomidine work? Dexmedetomidine inhibits the release of the nerve messenger noradrenaline in a specific brain region: the locus caeruleus. This structure of the brain is particularly rich in nerve cells that communicate via norepinephrine and are involved in controlling orientation as well as attention. Less norepinephrine due to dexmedetomidine subsequently means less messenger … Dexmedetomidine: Effects, dosage
Sialendoscopy is an ENT medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for visualization and treatment of ductal systems of the large cephalic salivary gland. An indication for endoscopy arises primarily when salivary stones are suspected. The procedure is also popular for recurrent salivary gland swelling. What is sialendoscopy? Sialendoscopy is an ENT diagnostic and therapeutic procedure used … Sialendoscopy: Treatment, Effects & Risks
Products Azaperone is commercially available as a solution for injection (Stresnil). It has been approved in many countries since 1970. Structure and properties Azaperone (C19H22FN3O, Mr = 327.4 g/mol), like haloperidol (haldol), belongs to the butyrphenones. It is a white powder that is practically insoluble in water. Effects Azaperone (ATCvet QN05AD90) is depressant and effective … Azaperone
Products Gammahydroxybutyrate is commercially available as an oral solution (Xyrem). It has been approved in many countries since 2006. The drug belongs to narcotics and requires an aggravated prescription. GHB is also known to be manufactured and trafficked illegally. Structure and properties The free γ-hydroxybutyric acid (C4H8O3, Mr = 104.1 g/mol) is a colorless and … Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
Products In many countries, no drugs containing carfentanil are on the market. The active ingredient is used in veterinary medicine (Wildnil). Legally, it belongs to narcotics. Structure and properties Carfentanil (C24H30N2O3, Mr = 394.5 g/mol) is structurally closely related to fentanyl, being 4-methoxycarbonylfentanyl. Carfentanil citrate is present in pharmaceuticals. The active ingredient was developed at … Carfentanil
Products Inhalation anesthetics are commercially available as volatile liquids or as gases for inhalation. Structure and properties Most inhalation anesthetics are halogenated ethers or hydrocarbons. Also used are inorganic compounds such as the gaseous nitrous oxide. The halogenated representatives exist as volatile liquids with a different boiling point. Because of their odor and irritant properties, … Inhalation Anesthetics
Discography is used for chronic deep-seated back pain that allows conclusions to be drawn about discogenic (disc-related) causes. Under X-ray guidance, degenerative changes in the disc are visualized using a contrast agent. What is discography? Discography (also discography) is a radiographic diagnostic procedure used to visualize intervertebral discs (discus or discus intervertebralis) using a contrast … Discography: Treatment, Effects & Risks
Products Alfentanil is commercially available as a solution for injection (Rapifen). It has been approved in many countries since 1983. Structure and properties Alfentanil (C21H32N6O3, Mr = 416.5 g/mol) is a 4-anilidopiperidine and a tetrazole derivative. It is present in the drug as alfentanil hydrochloride, a white powder that is readily soluble in water. The … Alfentanil
Products Ketamine is commercially available as a solution for injection (Ketalar, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1969. Esketamine nasal spray was approved in 2019 (Switzerland: 2020) for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (see there). Structure and properties Ketamine (C13H16ClNO, Mr = 237.7 g/mol) is a cyclohexanone derivative derived from phencyclidine (“angel … Ketamine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Stellate blockade is a targeted locally applied conduction anesthesia in the area of the stellate ganglion to relieve vasospasm in the form of arteriovenous spasm. In this process, the blood vessels in question are sympathetically innervated and vasodilation occurs within the entire area. In other words, the blood vessels dilate, decongest, there is a decrease … Stellate Blockade: Treatment, Effects & Risks
Desflurane is an anesthetic that belongs to the flurane class of drugs. The inhalation anesthetic is widely used because of its very good hypnotic properties as well as its easy controllability. In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, desflurane is marketed by the American pharmaceutical company Baxter under the trade name Suprane. What is desflurane? Desflurane is … Desflurane: Effects, Uses & Risks
Products Isoflurane is commercially available as a pure liquid and has been approved in many countries since 1984 (Forene, generic). Structure and properties Isoflurane (C3H2ClF5O, Mr = 184.5 g/mol) exists as a clear, colorless, mobile, heavy, stable, and nonflammable liquid that is practically insoluble in water. It has a slightly pungent and ether-like odor. The … Isoflurane
