Risk groups for vitamin K deficiency include individuals with: Inadequate intake, for example, in eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or parenteral nutrition. Malabsorption due to gastrointestinal diseases. Decreased utilization in cirrhosis and cholestasis of the liver. Impaired transport in lymphatic drainage disorders. Blockade of the vitamin K cycle by drugs, such as antibiotics, salicylate … Vitamin K: Risk Groups
The United Kingdom Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) last assessed vitamins and minerals for safety in 2003 and set a so-called Safe Upper Level (SUL) or Guidance Level for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This SUL or Guidance Level reflects the safe maximum amount of a micronutrient that will not cause … Vitamin K: Safety Assessment
Vitamin K was not included in the National Nutrition Survey II (2008). Regarding the intake of vitamin K in the German population, data exist from the 2004 Nutrition Report of the German Nutrition Society (DGE). These data on vitamin K intake are based on estimates and only reflect the average intake. No statements can be … Vitamin K: Supply Situation
The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE recommendations (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, etc.). Furthermore, … Vitamin K: Intake
The body depends on the daily supply of vitamins with food. Vitamins and their precursors (pro-vitamins) are therefore essential food components.Unlike macronutrients (nutrients), vitamins do not serve as building materials or as energy suppliers, but essentially perform enzymatic (catalytic) and controlling tasks in numerous processes of the human body. Based on their solubility, vitamins are … Vitamins List and Function
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is classified as a member of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, which are carbohydrate side chains that are essential components of proteoglycans. All glycosaminoglycans consist of 1,4-glycosidically linked disaccharide units. In the case of chondroitins, sulfuric acid is regularly attached to oxygen or nitrogen atoms, so that they usually react … Chondroitin Sulfate: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
Vitamin E deficiency does not occur primarily as a result of inadequate dietary intake, because adequate amounts of vitamin E are present in a mixed diet. Vitamin E deficiency usually develops as a result of congenital or acquired disease. In the foreground are diseases with fat malassimilation, as is the case, for example, in sprue, … Vitamin E: Deficiency Symptoms
The European food safety authority (EFSA) last evaluated vitamins and minerals for safety in 2006 and set a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This UL reflects the maximum safe level of a micronutrient that will not cause adverse effects when taken daily from all sources for … Vitamin E: Safety Assessment
In the National Nutrition Survey II (NVS II, 2008), the dietary behavior of the population was investigated for Germany and it was shown how this affects the average daily nutrient intake with macro- and micronutrients (vital substances). The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are used as the basis for … Vitamin E: Supply Situation
The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE recommendations (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, etc.). Furthermore, … Vitamin E: Intake
Vitamin K is called a coagulation vitamin because of its antihemorrhagic (hemostatic) effect, which was discovered in 1929 by physiologist and biochemist Carl Peter Henrik Dam on the basis of blood clotting studies. Vitamin K is not a uniform substance, but occurs in three structural variants. The following substances of the vitamin K group can … Vitamin K: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
Interactions of vitamin K with other micronutrients (vital substances): Vitamin A and vitamin E High doses of vitamin A and vitamin E affect vitamin K metabolism. In this regard, sufficient vitamin A interferes with vitamin K absorption, whereas a form of vitamin E (tocopherol quinones) inhibits the vitamin K-dependent carboylase enzyme.
