The European food safety authority (EFSA) published an opinion regarding the use of L-carnitine L-tartrate, a source of L-carnitine, in foods for particular nutritional uses. Taking into account gastrointestinal symptoms, clinical chemistry, included markers of liver and kidney function, EFSA agreed on the following guideline values: EFSA assumes that an intake of 3 g of … L-Carnitine: Safety Assessment
Choline or its derived compounds play an essential role in many physiological processes: Phospholipids, especially phosphatidyl choline (PC), are found in large quantities in all biological membranes. There, they play an important role in their structure and functions, such as the transmission of signals and the transport of substances. Metabolism and transport of lipids and … Choline: Functions
Folate Homocysteine can be remethylated to methionine in two different ways – Folate is important for one pathway and choline for the other. In the first case, homocysteine is methylated to methionine (addition of CH 3 groups) by the enzyme methionine synthase. For this process, methionine synthase requires methyl tetrafolate as a methyl group donor … Choline: Interactions
The American Institute of Medicine (IoM) established an intake of 7.5 g of choline/day as the lowest evaluated intake level that produced an adverse effect (LOAEL), and on this basis, as well as taking into account a safety factor and rounding, established a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). This UL reflects the safe maximum … Choline: Safety Assessment
To date, there are no intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) for choline intake from the German Nutrition Society (DGE). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published adequate intakes for choline in 2016, which can be considered as European reference values: Adequate intakes Age Choline (mg/day) Infants 7-11 months 160 Children 1-3 years 140 4-6 years … Choline: Intake
Two-time Nobel laureate Prof. Dr. Linus Pauling called coenzyme Q10 one of the greatest enrichments among natural substances that can promote human health. Numerous studies not only prove the positive effects of Q10 in the therapy of various diseases, such as tumor diseases, heart failure (cardiac insufficiency), myocardial infarction (heart attack), hypertension (high blood pressure) … Coenzyme Q10: Functions
Intake recommendations of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are not yet available for coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 content – given in mg -. per 100 g food Vegetables and salads Milk, dairy products, egg Meat Onion 0,1 Cheese general max. 0.4 Pig- 3,2 Potato 0,1 Butter 0,6 meat Cauliflower 0,14 Beef 3,3 White cabbage 0,16 … Coenzyme Q10: Food
The following physiological processes are influenced by glucosamine sulfateStimulation of anabolic, cartilage-protective effects (= chondroprotectants/cartilage-protective substances): Main substrate for collagen synthesis and for the formation of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, respectively, in the extracellular matrix (extracellular matrix, intercellular substance, ECM, ECM) of cartilage tissue. Increase the incorporation of proline and sulfate in the cartilage matrix. Increase … Glucosamine Sulfate: Functions
Phosphatidyl serine (PS) is a naturally occurring phospholipid whose phosphoric acid residue is esterified with the amino acid serine. Metabolism PS, like phosphatidylcholine, can be synthesized endogenously in sufficient amounts. However, if there is a deficit of the amino acid methionine, vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin B12 (cobalamin), or essential fatty acids, sufficient phosphatidylserine cannot … Phosphatidyl Serine: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport and Distribution
The following functions are known: Component of cell membranes – phosphatidylserine is found exclusively in the inner membrane layer – cytoplasmic side – interacts closely with intracellular proteins – PS is particularly important for the activation of protein kinase C, which is important for the phosphorylation of other proteins Regulation of neurotransmitter release and involvement … Phosphatidyl Serine: Functions
Risk groups for vitamin K deficiency include individuals with: Inadequate intake, for example, in eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or parenteral nutrition. Malabsorption due to gastrointestinal diseases. Decreased utilization in cirrhosis and cholestasis of the liver. Impaired transport in lymphatic drainage disorders. Blockade of the vitamin K cycle by drugs, such as antibiotics, salicylate … Vitamin K: Risk Groups
The United Kingdom Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) last assessed vitamins and minerals for safety in 2003 and set a so-called Safe Upper Level (SUL) or Guidance Level for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This SUL or Guidance Level reflects the safe maximum amount of a micronutrient that will not cause … Vitamin K: Safety Assessment
