Products COX-2 inhibitors (coxibe) are commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets and capsules. The first representatives from this group to be approved in many countries were celecoxib (Celebrex, USA: 1998) and rofecoxib (Vioxx, off label) in 1999. At that time, they rapidly developed into blockbuster drugs. However, due to adverse effects, several drugs … COX-2 Inhibitor
Introduction Biotransformation is an endogenous pharmacokinetic process that leads to a change in the chemical structure of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The organism’s general goal in doing so is to make the foreign substances more hydrophilic and to direct them to excretion via the urine or stool. Otherwise, they could be deposited in the body and … Metabolism (Biotransformation)
Symptoms Photosensitivity often manifests like sunburn in extensive skin redness, pain, a burning sensation, blistering, and hyperpigmentation after healing. Other possible skin reactions include eczema, itching, urticaria, telangiectasia, tingling, and edema. The nails may also be affected less frequently and may peel off in front (photoonycholysis). The symptoms are limited to the areas of the … Photosensitivity
ExplanationDefinition NSAR stands for the abbreviation of the drug group of non-steroidal antirheumatics (NSAIDs). Nonsteroidal means that they are not preparations containing cortisone. In addition to good pain-relieving properties, it also has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Active ingredient namesTrade names active ingredient names: Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Indometacin, Piroxicam, Celecoxib Trade names: Ibuprofen®, Voltaren® (diclofenac), Indomet® (indometacin), … NSAR – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Side effects Allergic reactions: Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract: Liver and kidney damage: Edema formation: Water retention in arms and legs Psychological side effect: In rare cases it can lead to sleep disturbance and psychosis Skin rash (redness, itching) Blood pressure drop Shock All NSAIDs ́s must never be taken on an empty stomach. If … Side effects | NSAR – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
NSAR as ointments NSAID is a collective term for a wide range of active ingredients, including diclofenac, ibuprofen, aspirin and methotrexate. Some of them are available in tablet form, but also as ointment or gel. These include diclofenac and ibuprofen. Aspirin and methotrexate are not available as ointments, gels or creams. Diclofenac in gel form … NSAR as ointments | NSAR – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Ibuprofen Ibuprofen is also one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and belongs together with ketoprofen and naproxen to the group of arylpropionic acids. Non-steroidal means that the drugs do not contain cortisone. It is used for mild to moderate, acute and chronic pain, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Ibuprofen is especially helpful for toothache, migraine, back … Ibuprofen | NSAR – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Contraindications contraindications for NSAIDs are: An existing stomach or intestinal ulcer Several stomach or intestinal ulcers in the medical history Bronchial asthma Known liver diseases Known kidney diseases Pregnancy (varies depending on the stage) or lactation All articles in this series: NSAR – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Side effects NSAR as ointments Ibuprofen Contraindications
Drug gastric protection Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for acute and long-term treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions. Active ingredients used include, for example, diclofenac, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, naproxen, and mefenamic acid. However, their use is limited by adverse effects that affect the upper digestive tract and are due to inhibition of prostaglandin … Stomach Protection
Products Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are available in numerous dosage forms. These include film-coated tablets, tablets, sustained-release tablets, oral suspensions, oral granules, suppositories, NSAID eye drops, lozenges, emulsifying gels, and creams (selection). The first active ingredient from this group was salicylic acid, which was used medicinally in the 19th century in the form of the … NSAID
Products Etoricoxib is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Arcoxia). It has been approved in many countries since 2009. Generics were registered in 2020. Structure and properties Etoricoxib (C18H15ClN2O2S, Mr = 358.8 g/mol) has a similar V-shaped structure to other COX-2 inhibitors. It is a dipyridinyl derivative with a methylsulfonyl group. Effects Etoricoxib … Etoricoxib
Products Celecoxib is commercially available in capsule form (Celebrex, generic). It was approved in many countries in 1999 as the first member of the selective COX-2 inhibitors. Generic versions went on sale in 2014. Structure and properties Celecoxib (C17H14F3N3O2S, Mr = 381.37 g/mol) is a benzenesulfonamide and a substituted diaryl pyrazole. It has a V-shaped … Celecoxib
