cocaine

Serotonin Syndrome: Causes and Treatment

Background Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter biosynthesized from the amino acid tryptophan by decarboxylation and hydroxylation. It binds to seven different families of the serotonin receptor (5-HT1 to 5-HT7) and elicits central and peripheral effects that affect mood, behavior, sleep-wake cycle, thermoregulation, pain perception, appetite, vomiting, muscles, and nerves, among others. Serotonin is vasoconstrictive … Serotonin Syndrome: Causes and Treatment

Levamisole

Background Infestation with lungworm can cause coughing, respiratory distress, weight loss, nasal discharge, and conjunctivitis in hedgehogs. The disease occurs only in hedgehogs and often has a fatal outcome. It is caused by , the larvae of which are ingested with food, mainly snails. They infect the lungs and are excreted by the animals through … Levamisole

Doping

Definition A generally valid definition of doping is not very easy. The definition must be clear and must not leave any room for interpretation. The IOC’s definition of doping therefore includes the term prohibited groups of active substances in order to automatically prohibit newly developed substances based on their group of active substances. Doping is … Doping

Interesting example | Doping

Interesting example The altitude training causes the increase of the hematocrit value of the blood in a similar way as the intake of erytropoietin. The latter counts as doping, but not altitude training. This should give food for thought to the existing doping discussion. The justification for banning the use of prohibited, performance-enhancing substances is … Interesting example | Doping

Blocked Nose

Symptoms The possible symptoms of a stuffy nose include difficult nasal breathing, swelling of the mucous membrane, a feeling of fullness, secretions, crusting, rhinitis, itching, and sneezing. The stuffy nose often occurs at night while lying down and also triggers insomnia, sore throat and headache. Causes A stuffy nose restricts the flow of air through … Blocked Nose

Sleep Disorders

Symptoms Sleep disorder refers to an undesirable change in the usual sleep rhythm. This manifests itself in difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, insomnia, a change in sleep profile, sleep length, or inadequate rest. Sufferers are unable to fall asleep for long periods in the evening, wake up at night or early in the morning, … Sleep Disorders

Dry Nose

Symptoms Possible symptoms associated with dry nasal mucosa include crusting, the formation of mucus with a high viscosity, nosebleeds, rhinitis, disorders of the sense of smell, inflammation, and obstruction, i.e., restricted nasal breathing. Itching and mild burning may also occur, according to the literature. The stuffy nose is very uncomfortable, especially at night, and can … Dry Nose

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Symptoms Pulmonary arterial hypertension may initially be asymptomatic. It manifests as symptoms such as difficulty breathing that worsens with exertion, shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, brief loss of consciousness, cyanosis, and palpable heartbeats. Possible complications include cor pulmonale, blood clots, arrhythmias, and bleeding. Causes The condition is caused by an increase in pressure in … Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Hypertension

Symptoms High blood pressure is often asymptomatic, meaning that no symptoms occur. Nonspecific symptoms such as headache, bleeding in the eye, nosebleeds, and dizziness are observed. In advanced disease, various organs such as the vessels, retina, heart, brain and kidney are affected. Hypertension is a known and important risk factor for atherosclerosis, dementia, cardiovascular diseases … Hypertension

Opioids

Opioids, such as fentanyl, are used in sports as a drug for doping. The aim is not to directly increase performance, but rather to suppress the pain-induced cessation of exercise. Opioids are differentiated into endogenous opioids, which the organism releases in pain situations, and external to guided opioids for therapeutic treatment or abusive treatment in … Opioids

Sunstroke, Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke

Symptoms and causes 1. sunstroke results from excessive sun exposure to the head, causing heat buildup and irritation of the meninges (aseptic meningitis): Headache Neck stiffness Nausea, vomiting Feeling of heat in the head Dizziness, restlessness 2. In heat exhaustion, there is an overheating of the body with a body temperature between 37 to 40°C. … Sunstroke, Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke

Nosebleed

Symptoms In a nosebleed, there is active bleeding in the nasal cavity. Blood flows through the nostrils to above the lip and chin. Less commonly, blood drains from the back portion of the nasal cavity into the throat and neck. This causes symptoms such as nausea, bloody vomiting, coughing up blood, and blackening of the … Nosebleed