How dextromethorphan works Dextromethorphan suppresses the cough reflex by depressing the cough center in the brainstem. It does this by blocking (antagonizing) the so-called NMDA receptors and by triggering signals (agonism) at sigma-1 receptors. By interacting with NMDA receptors, dextromethorphan can suppress the perception of pain. For this reason, the active ingredient has also been … Dextromethorphan: Effects and Applications
Cough syrup as an intoxicant Many antirritant cough syrups contain active ingredients that are psychoactive in high doses and can be abused as intoxicants. Substances include, for example: Opioids such as codeine, dihydrocodeine and ethylmorphine. NMDA antagonists: dextromethorphan Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine and oxomemazine. Phenothiazines: promethazine (out of commerce). Such drugs are unlike other drugs … Misuse of Cough Syrup
Definition The dispensing of licensed medicines is strictly regulated by law in many countries. Drugs may be available by prescription (prescription-only), nonprescription, and over-the-counter. Typical dispensing points are pharmacies, drugstores and doctors’ offices, provided that self-dispensing is permitted by the canton. Category E drugs may also be sold in the retail trade, for example in … Dispensing Categories of Medicinal Products
Products Abiraterone is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Zytiga). It has been approved in many countries since 2011. Structure and properties Abiraterone acetate (C26H33NO2, Mr = 391.5 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. It is a prodrug and is rapidly biotransformed in the body to … Abiraterone Acetate
Products Dextromethorphan is available in the form of tablets, lozenges, sustained-release capsules, syrup, and drops, among others (in many countries, for example, Bexin, Calmerphan, Calmesin, Pulmofor, combination preparations). The first drugs came on the market in the 1950s. Structure and properties Dextromethorphan (C18H25NO, Mr = 271.4 g/mol) was developed as an analog of codeine and … Dextromethorphan
Products Memantine is commercially available as film-coated tablets, meltable tablets, and oral solution (Axura, Ebixa). It has been approved in many countries since 2003. Generic versions were registered in 2014. Structure and properties Memantine (C12H21N, Mr = 179.3 g/mol) is present in drugs as memantine hydrochloride, a white powder that is insoluble in water. Memantine … Memantine
Definition and mechanisms A pharmacokinetic booster is an agent that improves the pharmacokinetic properties of another agent. It is a desirable drug interaction It can exert its effects at different levels (ADME): Absorption (uptake into the body). Distribution (distribution) Metabolism and first-pass metabolism (metabolization). Elimination (excretion) Pharmacokinetic enhancers can increase absorption, increase distribution to an … Pharmacokinetic Booster
Products Ambroxol is commercially available in the form of lozenges, sustained-release capsules, and syrup (e.g., Mucosolvon), among others. It has been approved in many countries since 1982. Structure and properties Ambroxol (C13H18Br2N2O, Mr = 378.1 g/mol) is present in drugs as ambroxol hydrochloride, a white to yellowish crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. … Ambroxol (Mucosolvan)
Products Ivy extracts are included in finished drug products and are available, for example, as syrups, drops, suppositories, and effervescent tablets. Dried ivy leaves are available in pharmacies and drugstores in open form. However, tea preparation is not very common. Stem plant Common ivy L. of the Aralia family is a perennial and evergreen root … Ivy
Products Antitussives are commercially available in the form of tablets, capsules, as cough syrups, and drops, among others. Structure and properties Antitussives do not have a uniform chemical structure. However, many are derived from natural opium alkaloids (opioids). Effects Antitussives have cough-irritating (antitussive) properties. They reduce the frequency and intensity of coughing attacks. Their effects … Antitussives
Products Ketamine is commercially available as a solution for injection (Ketalar, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1969. Esketamine nasal spray was approved in 2019 (Switzerland: 2020) for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (see there). Structure and properties Ketamine (C13H16ClNO, Mr = 237.7 g/mol) is a cyclohexanone derivative derived from phencyclidine (“angel … Ketamine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Symptoms Possible symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include a chronic cough, mucus production, sputum, shortness of breath, chest tightness, breath sounds, lack of energy, and sleep disturbances. The symptoms often worsen with physical exertion. An acute worsening of chronic symptoms is referred to as an exacerbation. In addition, numerous systemic and extrapulmonary concomitant … Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
