Products Some vaginal tablets are commercially available. Also used are vaginal suppositories and vaginal capsules. Structure and properties Vaginal tablets are solid, single-dose preparations intended for vaginal use. In general, they meet the definition of non-coated tablets or film-coated tablets. Detailed information can be found under the relevant articles. Vaginal tablets contain the same excipients, … Vaginal Tablets
Products Vaginal suppositories are commercially available as drugs and medical devices. Listed below are some active ingredients which are administered vaginally: Estrogens: estriol Progestins: progesterone Antifungals: Econazole, ciclopirox Antiparasitics: Metronidazole, Clindamycin Antiseptics: Povidone–iodine, formerly boric acid. Probiotics: Lactobacilli The egg-shaped vaginal suppositories are also called ovules (singular ovulum). Structure and properties Vaginal suppositories are dosage … Vaginal Suppositories
Products Gels are commercially available as pharmaceuticals, medical devices and cosmetics. Structure and properties Gels consist of gelled liquids. They are prepared with suitable swelling agents (gelling agents). These include, for example, celluloses (e.g., hydroxypropyl cellulose), starches, carbomers, gelatin, xanthan gum, bentonite, agar, tragacanth, carrageenan, and pectin. The pharmacopoeia distinguishes between hydrophilic and lipophilic gels. … Gels
Products Many pharmaceuticals, cosmetics (personal care products), medical devices, and foods (e.g., milk, mayonnaise) are emulsions. Structure and properties Emulsions are liquid or semi-solid preparations for external or internal use. They are dispersed systems (dispersions) in which two or more liquid or semisolid phases are combined by emulsifiers, resulting in a mixture that is heterogeneous … Emulsions
The effect of the first liver passage For a perorally administered pharmaceutical agent to exert its effects at the site of action, it usually must enter the systemic circulation. To do so, it must pass through the intestinal wall, the liver, and part of the circulatory system. Despite complete absorption in the intestine, the bioavailability … First-Pass Metabolism
Products Cetyl alcohol is available as a pure substance in pharmacies and drugstores. It is found in numerous pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Structure and properties Cetyl alcohol is a mixture of solid alcohols consisting mainly of the linear C16 alcohol 1-hexadecanol (C16C34O, Mr = 242.4 g/mol). It exists as a white and fatty powder, as a … Cetyl Alcohol
Products Cetylstearyl alcohol is used as an excipient in medicinal products, especially in semisolid dosage forms such as creams or lotions. Structure and properties Cetylstearyl alcohol is a mixture of solid aliphatic alcohols consisting mainly of cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol of animal or plant origin. Cetylstearyl alcohol exists as white to pale yellow waxy … Cetylstearyl Alcohol
Products Antipyretics are available in numerous dosage forms. These include, for example, tablets, effervescent tablets, suppositories, juices, and chewable tablets. The name is derived from the technical term pyrexia (fever). The first synthetic agents, such as acetanilide, salicylic acid, and acetylsalicylic acid, were developed in the 19th century. Structure and properties Antipyretics do not have … Antipyretics
Controlled release from the drug The special design of a drug can be used to achieve delayed, prolonged, continuous, and controlled release of the active ingredient over an extended period of time. This allows the timing, location, and rate of release to be influenced. Galenics Sustained-release drugs include sustained-release tablets, sustained-release capsules, sustained-release granules, and … Retardation
Products Sorbic acid is contained in many medicinal products as an excipient. This is in liquid, semi-solid as well as solid dosage forms. Structure and properties Sorbic acid (C6H8O2, Mr = 112.1 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. It is readily soluble in ethanol 96%. Also used are … Sorbic Acid
Products Preparations of aconite are mainly found in homeopathic, anthroposophic and other alternative medicines. Various dosage forms are available, such as globules, oils, drops, ear drops and ampoules. Stem plant Blue monkshood L. from the Ranunculaceae family is native to the Alps, among other places. The photos were taken in the botanical garden Brüglingen, in … Blue Monkshood
Symptoms Shortly after an injection, some patients may experience the following symptoms: Pallor Malaise Dry mouth Cold sweat Low blood pressure Drowsiness, dizziness, confusion Nausea Fainting, syncope (short-lasting circulatory collapse). Convulsions (seizures) ECG changes Falls, accidents These disorders occur, for example, shortly after a vaccination, after parenteral administration of drugs, during acupuncture or blood sampling. … Fear of Injections
