How estradiol works The hormone estradiol (also called 17-beta-estradiol) is naturally produced in the human body. In women, the largest amount is produced in the ovaries. In men, who have much lower levels of estradiol in their bodies, it is produced in the adrenal cortex and testes. The term “estrogen” covers the hormones estradiol, estrone … Estradiol: Effects, Uses, Side Effects
Products Estriol is commercially available in many countries as vaginal gel, vaginal cream, vaginal suppositories, vaginal tablets, and tablets for peroral therapy. This article refers to topical use. Structure and properties Estriol (C18H24O3, Mr = 288.4 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. It is a natural metabolite of … Estriol
Products Promestrien was commercially available in the form of vaginal capsules and as a vaginal cream (Colpotrophine). It was approved in many countries in 1982 and is now no longer available. Structure and properties Promestriene (C22H32O2, Mr = 328.5 g/mol) is an alkyl derivative of the natural estrogen estradiol. Effects Promestriene (ATC G03CA09) has estrogenic … Promestria
Products Transdermal patches are approved as medicinal products. They offer themselves as an alternative to other modes of application such as peroral and parenteral administration. The first products were launched in the 1970s. Structure and properties Transdermal patches are flexible pharmaceutical preparations of varying sizes and thinness that contain one or more active ingredients. They … Transdermal Patches
Products Some vaginal tablets are commercially available. Also used are vaginal suppositories and vaginal capsules. Structure and properties Vaginal tablets are solid, single-dose preparations intended for vaginal use. In general, they meet the definition of non-coated tablets or film-coated tablets. Detailed information can be found under the relevant articles. Vaginal tablets contain the same excipients, … Vaginal Tablets
Products In many countries, no finished medicinal products containing alfatradiol are commercially available. In Germany, preparations for external use are available (e.g., Ell-Cranell). Structure and properties Alfatradiol (C18H24O2, Mr = 272.4 g/mol) or 17α-estradiol is a stereoisomer of the female sex hormone 17β-estradiol. Effects Alfatradiol inhibits the enzyme 5α-reductase, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of the … Alfatradiol
The effect of the first liver passage For a perorally administered pharmaceutical agent to exert its effects at the site of action, it usually must enter the systemic circulation. To do so, it must pass through the intestinal wall, the liver, and part of the circulatory system. Despite complete absorption in the intestine, the bioavailability … First-Pass Metabolism
Products Conjugated estrogens have been approved in many countries since 2015 in fixed combination with bazedoxifene (Duavive). Other preparations, such as Premarin and Premella, are off-label in many countries. Other products are available in other countries, such as the United States. Structure and properties Unlike other drugs, conjugated estrogens do not contain a single defined … Conjugated Estrogens
Symptoms Possible symptoms include vulvovaginal dryness, itching, inflammation, burning, feeling of pressure, discharge, light bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse, and local infectious disease. The urinary tract may be involved, manifested, for example, by frequent and painful urination, cystitis, blood in the urine, and urinary incontinence. Causes A common cause of symptoms is vaginal atrophy in … Vaginal Dryness: Causes and Treatment
Products Estradiol is commercially available in tablet, transdermal patch, transdermal gel, vaginal ring, and vaginal tablet forms, among others. It is also combined fixed with progestogens. Structure and properties Estradiol (C18H24O2, Mr = Mr = 272.4 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. Synthetic estradiol is bioidentical with human … Estradiol
Products Letrozole is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Femara, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1997. Structure and properties Letrozole (C17H11N5, Mr = 285.3 g/mol) is a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. It exists as a white to yellowish crystalline powder that is nearly odorless and virtually insoluble in water. Letrozole … Letrozole
Symptoms Menopausal symptoms are very individual and vary from woman to woman. The most common possible disorders include: Cycle irregularities, change in menstruation. Vasomotor disorders: Flushes, night sweats. Mood swings, irritability, aggressiveness, sensitivity, sadness, difficulty concentrating, anxiety, fatigue. Sleep disorders Changes in skin, hair and mucous membranes: hair loss, vaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness, dry skin, … Menopausal Symptoms
