What is hepatitis B? Hepatitis B is one of the most common liver inflammations caused by viruses (viral hepatitis) worldwide. Most of those affected become infected with the hepatitis B pathogens during sexual intercourse. The infection is acute or chronic. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 296 million people worldwide were chronically infected … Hepatitis B: Symptoms, Transmission, Course
Products Entecavir is commercially available as film-coated tablets and as an oral solution (Baraclude). It has been approved in many countries since 2006. Generic versions have been available since 2017. Structure and properties Entecavir (C12H15N5O3, Mr = 277.3 g/mol) is a 2′-deoxyguanosine nucleoside analog. It exists as a white powder that is sparingly soluble in … Entecavir
Tenofovir (also tenofovirdisoproxil) is used therapeutically for HIV-1 and hepatitis B infections. Tenofovirdisoproxil is thereby activated in human cells to tenofovir. On the one hand, it inhibits reverse transcriptase in HIV viruses (or DNA polymerase in hepatitis B viruses), and on the other hand, it is incorporated into the viral DNA as a false building … Tenofovir: Effects, Uses & Risks
Products Injection preparations are approved as medicinal products. Structure and properties Injection preparations are sterile solutions, emulsions, or suspensions prepared by dissolving, emulsifying, or suspending the active ingredient and excipients in water or a suitable nonaqueous liquid (e.g., fatty oils). Compared with infusions, these are usually small volumes in the range of less than a … Injections
Products and approval Fingolimod is commercially available in capsule form (Gilenya) and has been approved in many countries since 2011. First generic products were registered in 2020 and entered the market in 2021. Fingolimod was the first specific multiple sclerosis drug to be administered orally, rather than being injected subcutaneously or as an infusion. In … Fingolimod
The organ that is capable of regeneration, the liver, does not make itself known through pain, but indicates problems with elevated liver values. The liver has the gift of being able to heal itself or regenerate completely. However, elevated liver values indicate the fact that liver cells died or were lost relatively recently. What are … Elevated Liver Enzymes: Function & Diseases
Products Peginterferon alfa-2a is commercially available as an injectable (Pegasys). It has been approved in many countries since 2002. Structure and properties Peginterferon alfa-2a is a covalent conjugate of the recombinant protein interferon alfa-2a and a branched monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (PEG). It has a molecular mass of approximately 60 kDa and is derived from by … Peginterferon Alfa-2A
Symptoms The possible symptoms of acute hepatitis include: Fatigue Pain, fever Nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite Light stools, dark urine Jaundice Swelling of the liver and spleen The disease usually lasts less than two months, but can last for several months. Unlike other infectious liver inflammations such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C, it does … Hepatitis A Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
Symptoms The possible symptoms of acute hepatitis include: Mild fever Dark urine Lack of appetite Nausea and vomiting Weakness, fatigue Abdominal pain Jaundice Swelling of the liver and spleen However, hepatitis B can also be asymptomatic. From an acute infection, which lasts about two to four months, chronic hepatitis B can develop in a minority … Hepatitis B Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
Products Hepatitis B vaccine is licensed as an injectable in many countries (e.g., Engerix-B, combination products). Structure and properties The vaccine contains a the highly purified surface antigen HBsAg of hepatitis B virus. HBsAg is produced by biotechnological methods. It is a membrane protein localized on the viral envelope of hepatitis B virus. Effects Hepatitis … Hepatitis b Vaccine
Products Telbivudine is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Sebivo). It has been approved in many countries since 2006. The solution has been off the market since 2012. Structure and properties Telbivudine (C10H14N2O5, Mr = 242.2 g/mol) is a thymidine analog and a prodrug that is biotransformed in cells to the active metabolite … Telbivudine
Vaccination for hepatitis B Since 1995, vaccination against hepatitis B in Germany has been recommended by the Standing Commission on Vaccination (STIKO). Hepatitis B is an inflammatory disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is transmitted via body fluids (parenterally), especially through blood, but also through vaginal secretions and … Hepatitis B vaccination
