human insulin

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Symptoms The possible acute symptoms of type 1 diabetes include: Thirst (polydipsia) and hunger (polyphagia). Increased urination (polyuria). Visual disturbances Weight loss Fatigue, exhaustion, declining performance. Poor wound healing, infectious diseases. Skin lesions, itching Acute complications: Hyperacidity (ketoacidosis), coma, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. The disease usually manifests in childhood or adolescence and is therefore also called … Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Causes and Treatment

Symptoms The possible acute symptoms of type 2 diabetes include: Thirst (polydipsia) and hunger (polyphagia). Increased urination (polyuria). Visual disturbances Weight loss Fatigue, exhaustion, declining performance. Poor wound healing, infectious diseases. Skin lesions, itching Acute complications: Hyperacidity (ketoacidosis), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Untreated diabetes is far from harmless and can lead in the longer term to … Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Causes and Treatment

Exubera

Products The inhaled human insulin Exubera (Pfizer, powder inhalation) is no longer commercially available. It was withdrawn from the market in 2007 for commercial reasons. In 2014, a new product was approved in the United States; see Inhalable Insulin. Structure and properties Human insulin (C257H383N65O77S6, Mr = 5808 g/mol) is a polypeptide with the structure … Exubera

Inhalable Insulin

Products An inhalable insulin preparation containing a rapid-acting human insulin was approved in the United States in 2014 (Afrezza, powder inhalation). The drug has not yet been registered in many countries. Pfizer’s first inhalable insulin Exubera was withdrawn from the market in 2007 for commercial reasons; see Exubera. Structure and properties Human insulin (C257H383N65O77S6, Mr … Inhalable Insulin

Insulin Lispro

Products Insulin lispro is commercially available as an injectable (Humalog). It has been approved in many countries since 1995. Biosimilars are available in some countries. In 2021, Lyumjev was approved in many countries, a new formulation that is characterized by an (even) faster onset of action and a slightly shorter duration of action. Structure and … Insulin Lispro

Insulins

Products Insulins are primarily commercially available in the form of clear injection solutions and turbid injection suspensions (vials, cartridges for pens, ready-to-use pens). In some countries, inhalation preparations are also available. However, these are an exception. Insulins should be stored in a refrigerator at 2 to 8°C (see under Refrigerated Storage). They must not be … Insulins

Insulin Aspart

Products Insulin aspart is marketed as an injectable (NovoRapid, USA: NovoLog). It has been approved in many countries since 1999. The fixed combination IDegAsp (insulin aspart + insulin degludec, Ryzodeg) was registered in many countries and in the EU in 2013. In 2017, Fiasp ultra-fast-acting, a very fast-acting insulin aspart, was also approved. With the … Insulin Aspart

Insulin Degludec

Products Insulin degludec is commercially available as a solution for injection (Tresiba). It is also combined fixed with insulin aspart (Ryzodeg, see under IDegAsp). It was newly approved in many countries in March 2013. In 2014, a fixed combination with liraglutide was registered (Xultophy); see under IDegLira. Structure and properties Insulin degludec has essentially the … Insulin Degludec

Insulin Detemir

Products Insulin detemir is commercially available as an injectable (Levemir). It has been approved in many countries since 2003. Structure and properties Insulin detemir (C267H402O76N64S6, Mr = 5916.9 g/mol) has an identical primary sequence to human insulin except for the removed threonine at position B30 of the B chain and an added molecule of myristic … Insulin Detemir

Insulin Glulisine

Products Insulin glulisine is commercially available as an injectable and is usually administered with an insulin pen (Apidra). It has been approved in many countries since 2005. The brand name Apidra is derived from English (fast), and the active ingredient name glulisine is derived from the exchanged amino acids glutamic acid and lysine. Structure and … Insulin Glulisine

Antidiabetics

Active ingredients Insulins substitute for endogenous insulin: Human insulin Insulin analogues Biguanides reduce hepatic glucose formation: Metformin (Glucophage, generic). Sulfonylureas promote insulin secretion from beta cells: Glibenclamide (Daonil, generic). Glibornuride (Glutril, off label). Gliclazide (Diamicron, generic). Glimepiride (Amaryl, generics) Glinides promote insulin secretion from beta cells: Repaglinide (NovoNorm, generic). Nateglinide (Starlix) Glitazones decrease peripheral insulin … Antidiabetics

Human Insulin

Products Human insulin is commercially available as an injectable (e.g., Huminsulin, Insuman). Rapid-acting and sustained-release dosage forms exist (e.g., isophane insulin), as well as mixed insulins. Human insulin is produced by biotechnological methods and stored in a refrigerator. It should not be frozen or exposed to high heat. Some preparations can be stored with the … Human Insulin