Cough syrup as an intoxicant Many antirritant cough syrups contain active ingredients that are psychoactive in high doses and can be abused as intoxicants. Substances include, for example: Opioids such as codeine, dihydrocodeine and ethylmorphine. NMDA antagonists: dextromethorphan Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine and oxomemazine. Phenothiazines: promethazine (out of commerce). Such drugs are unlike other drugs … Misuse of Cough Syrup
Products Dextromethorphan is available in the form of tablets, lozenges, sustained-release capsules, syrup, and drops, among others (in many countries, for example, Bexin, Calmerphan, Calmesin, Pulmofor, combination preparations). The first drugs came on the market in the 1950s. Structure and properties Dextromethorphan (C18H25NO, Mr = 271.4 g/mol) was developed as an analog of codeine and … Dextromethorphan
Products Memantine is commercially available as film-coated tablets, meltable tablets, and oral solution (Axura, Ebixa). It has been approved in many countries since 2003. Generic versions were registered in 2014. Structure and properties Memantine (C12H21N, Mr = 179.3 g/mol) is present in drugs as memantine hydrochloride, a white powder that is insoluble in water. Memantine … Memantine
Symptoms Alzheimer’s disease manifests itself in a continuously progressive loss of memory and mental and cognitive abilities. Possible symptoms of the disease include: Disorders and loss of memory. Initially, mainly short-term memory is affected (learning new things), later long-term memory is also affected. Forgetfulness, confusion Disorientation Speech, perception and thinking disorders, motor disorders. Personality change, … Alzheimer’s
Products Ketamine is commercially available as a solution for injection (Ketalar, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1969. Esketamine nasal spray was approved in 2019 (Switzerland: 2020) for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (see there). Structure and properties Ketamine (C13H16ClNO, Mr = 237.7 g/mol) is a cyclohexanone derivative derived from phencyclidine (“angel … Ketamine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Indications Dementia, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease Agents Cholinesterase inhibitors: Donepezil (Aricept, generics). Galantamine (Reminyl) Rivastigmine (Exelon) NMDA antagonists: Memantine (Axura, Ebixa). Ergot alkaloids: Codergocrine (Hydergine, out of commerce). Smart Drugs Roborantia Phytopharmaceuticals: Ginkgo
Products Phencyclidine is not commercially available in many countries. Legally, it is one of the more tightly controlled narcotics and is subject to the relevant legislation. However, it is not a banned substance. Phencyclidine is also illegally manufactured and trafficked. Structure and properties Phencyclidine (C17H25N, Mr = 243.4 g/mol) is a phenylcyclohexylpiperidine. It was originally … Phencyclidine
Products Guaifenesin is commercially available as a syrup and in the form of drops (e.g., NeoCitran cough suppressant, formerly Resyl, combination products, Resyl plus). It has been approved in many countries since 1946. Structure and properties Guaifenesin (C10H14O4, Mr = 198.2 g/mol) is the glycerol ether of guaiacol, a natural substance found in guaiacol trees. … Guaifenesin
Symptoms Postherpetic neuralgia manifests as localizable and unilateral pain in the area that was affected by shingles, increased tenderness (allodynia1) and pruritus. The pain character is described as itchy, burning, sharp, stabbing, and throbbing, among others. The discomfort occurs even though the shingles has healed and can sometimes last for months and even years. The … Postherpetic Neuralgia
