Structure of matter Our earth, nature, all living things, objects, the continents, mountains, oceans and we ourselves are made of chemical elements that are connected in different ways. Life has come into being through the connection of elements. Chemical elements are atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus. The number is called … Chemical Elements
Products Direct antiviralia are commercially available as drugs in the form of tablets, capsules, solutions, and creams, among others. The first antiviral agent was approved in the 1960s (idoxuridine). Structure and properties Antivirala are a large group of drugs and have no uniform chemical structure. However, groups can be formed, such as the nucleoside analogs. … Antiviralia
Products Penciclovir is commercially available as a cream and tinted cream (Fenivir). It has been approved in many countries since 1997. Famvir cream is out of commerce. Structure and properties Penciclovir (C10H15N5O3, Mr = 253.3 g/mol) is a mimetic of the DNA building block 2′-deoxyguanosine and is structurally related to aciclovir. It exists as a … Penciclovir
Products Emtricitabine is commercially available as a monopreparation in the form of capsules and as an oral solution (Emtriva, combination products, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 2004. Structure and properties Emtricitabine (C8H10FN3O3S, Mr = 247.2 g/mol) is a thioanalog of cytidine with a fluorine atom at the 5-position. It exists as … Emtricitabine
Genome editing With the CRISPR-Cas9 system, it has become possible to modify the genome of any organism – for example, a bacterium, an animal, a plant or that of a human being – in a targeted and precise manner. In this context, one also speaks of genome editing and genome surgery. The method was first … CRISPR-Cas9
Products Patisiran is marketed as a concentrate for the preparation of an [infusion solution>infusion] (Onpattro). It was approved in the US and EU in 2018 and in many countries in 2019. Structure and properties Patisiran belongs to the small interfering RNA (siRNA) group of drugs. It is a small, double-stranded ribonucleic acid. The active ingredient … Patisiran
Products mRNA vaccines are commercially available as injectables. The first in this group to be approved in many countries was BNT162b2 from BioNTech and Pfizer on December 19, 2020. Moderna’s mRNA-1273 is also an mRNA vaccine. It was released in the EU on January 6, 2021. Both are covid-19 vaccines. Structure and properties mRNA (short … MRNA Vaccines
Products Folic acid is commercially available in many countries as a monopreparation in the form of tablets. It is marketed both as a drug and as a dietary supplement. It is further available in combined vitamin and mineral preparations. The name folic acid is derived from lat. , the leaf. Folic acid was first isolated … Folic Acid: Health Benefits
Hydrogen bonding is an interaction between molecules that resembles Van der Waals interactions and occurs in the human body. The bond plays a role primarily in the context of peptide bonds and chains of amino acids in proteins. Without hydrogen bonding ability, an organism is not viable because it lacks vital amino acids. What is … Hydrogen Bonding: Function, Task & Diseases
Products Decitabine is commercially available as a lyophilizate for the preparation of a concentrate for infusion solution (Dacogen). It has been approved in many countries and in the EU since 2012. Structure and properties Decitabine (C8H12N4O4, Mr = 228.2 g/mol) or 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine is an analog of cytidine deoxynucleoside and differs from deoxycytidine by a C … Decitabine
Products Defibrotide was approved in many countries in 2020 as a concentrate for the preparation of an infusion solution (Defitelio). Structure and properties Defibrotide is a mixture of single-stranded oligonucleotides derived from porcine intestinal mucosa. Effects Defibrotide (ATC B01AX01) has antithrombotic, fibrinolytic, antiadhesive, and anti-inflammatory properties. Indications For the treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease … Defibrotide
Structure and properties Nucleic acids are biomolecules found in all living things on Earth. A distinction is made between ribonucleic acid (RNA, RNA, ribonucleic acid) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA, DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are polymers composed of so-called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of the following three units: Sugar (carbohydrate, monosaccharide, pentose): ribose in RNA, … Nucleic Acids
