Products Rivastigmine is commercially available as capsules, oral solution, and transdermal patch (Exelon, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1997. Structure and properties Rivastigmine (C14H22N2O2, Mr = 250.3 g/mol) is a phenyl carbamate. It exists in the oral forms as rivastigmine hydrogenotartrate, a white crystalline powder that is very soluble in water. … Rivastigmine
Effects Miotic: constricts the pupils Indication Miosis, e.g., during eye surgery. Agents Parasympathomimetics: Acetylcholine Alpha blocker: Dapiprazole
Symptoms The two leading symptoms of Sjögren’s syndrome (pronounced “Schögren”) are dry mouth and dry eyes with associated symptoms such as conjunctivitis, difficulty swallowing and speaking, gingivitis, and tooth decay. The nose, throat, skin, lips and vagina are also frequently dry. In addition, many other organs may be affected less frequently and include muscle and … Sjögren’s Syndrome: Causes and Treatment
Products Solifenacin is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Vesicare, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 2006. Structure and properties Solifenacin (C23H26N2O2, Mr = 362.5 g/mol) is a tertiary amine and a phenylquinoline derivative that has structural similarities to atropine. It is present in drugs as (1)-(3)-solifenacin succinate, a white … Solifenacin
Products Propiverine was approved in many countries in 2020 in the form of modified-release hard capsules (Mictonorm). Later, coated tablets were also registered (Mictonet). This is an older active ingredient that was available earlier in Germany, for example. Structure and properties Propiverine (C23H29NO3, Mr = 367.5 g/mol) is present in drugs as propiverine hydrochloride. Active … Propiverine
Symptoms Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease that is initially asymptomatic. Patients have no symptoms until the optic nerve becomes increasingly damaged, which can lead to irreversible visual impairment with visual field loss and blindness. Glaucoma represents the most common cause of blindness. Causes The cause of the disease is usually an increase in intraocular … Glaucoma: Causes and Treatment
Products Carbachol is commercially available as a solution for injection (Miostat). It has been approved in many countries since 1976. Structure and properties Carbachol (C6H15ClN2O2, Mr = 182.7 g/mol) is a structural analog of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Instead of the acetyl group, a carbamoyl group is present, resulting in increased chemical stability. As a result, … Carbachol
Products Neostigmine is now commercially available in many countries only as a solution for injection (Robinul Neostigmine Injektionslsg). Prostigmine 15 mg tablets are no longer available in many countries. Structure and properties Neostigmine bromide (C12H19BrN2O2, 303.20 g/mol) Effects Neostigmine (ATC N07AA01 , ATC S01EB06) is indirectly parasympathomimetic by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. It competitively competes with acetylcholine. … Neostigmine
Products There are no drugs containing physostigmine on the market in many countries. Structure and properties Physostigmine (C15H21N3O2, Mr = 275.3 g/mol) Stem Fabaceae. Effects Physostigmine is indirectly parasympathomimetic by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase; see under cholinesterase inhibitors. Indications Alzheimer’s disease As a miotic Antidote to curare poisoning and parasympatholytics, e.g., atropine.
Products Pilocarpine eye drops have been approved in many countries since 1960 (Spersacarpine). The combination with carteolol is off-label (Arteopilo). See also under pilocarpine tablets. Structure and properties Pilocarpine (C11H16N2O2, 208.26 g/mol) is present in the drops as pilocarpine hydrochloride, a white powder or colorless crystals that are very soluble in water. Pilocarpine is an … Pilocarpine Eye Drops
Products Donepezil is commercially available in tablet and oral tablet form (Aricept, Aricept Evess, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1997. Structure and properties Donepezil (C24H29NO3, Mr = 379.5 g/mol) is a piperidine derivative and a racemate. It is present in drugs as donepezil hydrochloride, a white crystalline powder that is soluble … Donepezil
Products Distigmine bromide was commercially available in many countries in tablet form (Ubretide). It had been approved since 1973. Distribution was discontinued in 2020. Structure and properties Distigmine bromide (C22H32Br2N4O4, Mr = 576.3 g/mol) is a carbamic acid derivative. Effects Distigmine bromide (ATC N07AA03) has indirect parasympathomimetic (cholinergic) properties. The effects are due to reversible … Distigmine Bromide
