Products
Glycerol (synonym: glycerol) is contained in numerous drugs as a pharmaceutical excipient. As an active ingredient, it is mainly used as a laxative in the form of suppositories or as an enema (e.g., Bulboid).
Structure and properties
Glycerol or propane-1,2,3-triol (C3H8O3, Mr = 92.1 g/mol) is a colorless, clear, fatty-feeling, syrupy, very hygroscopic liquid with a sweet taste. Glycerol is miscible with water and ethanol 96%, sparingly soluble in acetone and practically insoluble in fatty and essential oils.
Effects
Glycerol (ATC A06AG04, ATC A06AX01) has laxative properties mediated by local triggering of the defecation reflex. It causes irritation of the mucosa. Externally, it has a water-binding effect; internally, it has a dehydrating effect.
Indications for use
- Glycerol is used as a laxative in the form of suppositories and as an enema for constipation.
- In skin care products
- Inflammation of the throat, sore throat, hoarseness.
- As a pharmaceutical excipient, including to increase viscosity, as a solubilizer, solvent, plasticizer and humectant.
- Technical uses, including as antifreeze, for the care of seals, for the synthesis of nitroglycerin.
- Glycerol is said to keep Christmas trees fresh longer when added to water. However, whether this is actually true, is controversial.
- Glycerol eye drops
Abuse
Glycerol can be used to illegally produce nitroglycerin (glycerol trinitrate):
Contraindications
Suppositories for constipation should not be used in case of hypersensitivity. For complete precautions, see the drug label.
Interactions
Hypokalemia and increased sensitivity to cardiac glycosides are possible with regular use of suppositories.
Adverse effects
Possible adverse effects include local irritation and hypersensitivity reactions. Glycerol should not be taken in large amounts because it irritates the mucosa and dehydrates the body, causing laxative effects. Dehydration can cause adverse effects such as headache, thirst, and nausea, as well as severe side effects.
