Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Family history What is the general health status of your family members? Do you have a history of cancer in your family? Social anamnesis Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). Have you noticed any changes such … Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Medical History
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, body weight, body height; furthermore: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae (white part of eye) [night sweats; pale skin color]. Lymph node stations (cervical, axillary, supraclavicular, inguinal) [lymphadenopathy (lymph node enlargement)?] Abdomen … Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Examination
Laboratory parameters of 1st order – obligatory laboratory tests. Small blood count [Caution. Leukocyte count is not very conclusive for leukemia, because acute leukemias can also be subleukemic, i.e., with normal or even slightly elevated leukocyte count]. Differential blood count Coagulation parameters – Quick or PTT (partial thromboplastin time). Inflammatory parameters – CRP (C-reactive protein). … Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Test and Diagnosis
Therapeutic targets Destruction of the majority of leukemia cells Achievement of remission (disappearance of disease symptoms; percentage of leukemia cells < 5%, return to normal hematopoiesis), possibly also partial remission or full remission (in blood and bone marrow are no longer detectable leukemia cells). Therapy recommendations Polychemotherapy with intrathecal (“into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space” … Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Drug Therapy
Mandatory medical device diagnostics. Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs) – for basic diagnosis. X-ray of the thorax (X-ray thorax/chest), in two planes – as basic diagnostics. Electrocardiogram (ECG; recording of the electrical activity of the heart muscle), echocardiography (echo; cardiac ultrasound) – as basic cardiological diagnostics. Computed tomography (CT; sectional imaging method … Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Diagnostic Tests
To prevent acute lymphoblastic leukemia, attention must be paid to reducing risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Consumption of stimulants Tobacco (smoking) Overweight (BMI ≥ 25; obesity). Environmental pollution – intoxications (poisonings). Radiation exposure in early childhood Industrial waste, unspecified Chemical products in agriculture, unspecified Benzene
Radiation therapy interventions for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) of the head, if necessary (CNS radiotherapy: 12-24 Gy, usually 12 Gy, if evidence of CNS (central nervous system) involvement, depending on age (children: 18 Gy). Recurrence (recurrence) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: high-dose chemotherapy, possibly total body irradiation for bone marrow destruction (disturbance of … Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Radiotherapy
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Infectious mononucleosis (Pfeiffeŕsches glandular fever; EBV infection; Epstein-Barr virus infection). Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48). Other forms of leukemia
The following are the major diseases or complications that may be contributed to by acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): Blood, blood-forming organs – Immune system (D50-D90). Anemia (anemia) Bleeding Thrombocytopenia – reduction of platelets in the blood. Cardiovascular system (I00-I99) Cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease). Thrombosis (occlusion of a vein by a blood clot), venous and/or arterial … Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Complications
Classification according to immunophenotyping B-precursor cell ALL Pro-B-ALL Common-ALL Pre-B-ALL Mature B-cell ALL T-lineage ALL Early T-ALL Intermediate T-ALL Mature T-ALL AUL – acute undifferentiated leukemia. Classification according to FAB (French-American-British). Group L1 Child type L2 Adult type L3 Burkitt type
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): Fatigue, tiredness Fever Night sweats (night sweats) High susceptibility to infections due toabsolute granulocytopenia (reduction of neutrophil granulocytes in the blood). Bleeding or bleeding tendency due tothe thrombocytopenia (lack of platelets / blood platelets). Pale skin color due toanemia (anemia). Dyspnea (shortness of breath) … Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Pathogenesis (disease development) In acute lymphoblastic leukemia, there is a mass shedding of immature blasts (young, not finally differentiated cells) into the peripheral blood. Etiology (Causes) Biographic causes Genetic burden from parents, grandparents Genetic risk depending on gene polymorphisms: Genes/SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism): Genes: ARIDB5, IKZF1 SNP: rs7089424 in the gene ARIDB5 Allele constellation: GT … Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Causes
