Medical history (history of illness) is an important component in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Family history What is the general health status of your family members? Do you have a history of cancer in your family? Social anamnesis Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). Have you noticed any changes such … Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Medical History
Blood-forming organs-immune system (D50-D90). Aplastic anemia – form of anemia (anemia) characterized by pancytopenia (synonym: tricytopenia: reduction of all three rows of cells in the blood; stem cell disease) and concomitant hypoplasia (functional impairment) of the bone marrow. Vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency anemia Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Infectious mononucleosis (Pfeiffeŕsches glandular fever; EBV infection; … Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
The following are the major diseases or complications that may be contributed to by acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Blood, blood-forming organs – Immune system (D50-D90). Anemia (anemia) Bleeding Thrombocytopenia – reduction of platelets in the blood. Cardiovascular system (I00-I99) Cardiomyopathy (myocardial disease) due to cardiotoxicity (cardiac or myocardial damage) of therapy – In one study, … Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Complications
WHO classification of acute myeloid leukemia/myeloid neoplasms. AML with specific cytogenetic or molecular genetic features. AML with t(8;21)(q22;22), molecular: AML1/ETO Acute promyelocytic leukemia with t(15;17)(q22;q11-12), PML / RAR-α. AML with abnormal bone markosinophils (inv(16)(p13q22) or t(16;16)(p13;q11), CBFβ/MYH11). AML with t(9;11)(p22;q23) (MLLT3-MLL) aberration. AML with t(6;9)(p23;q34);(DEK-NUP214) AML with inv(3)(q21q26.2) or t(3;3)(q21;q26.2);(RPN1-EVI1) AML (megakaryoblastic) with t(1;22)(p13;q13);(RBM15-MKL1) Provisional: … Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Classification
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, body weight, body height; furthermore: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes and sclerae [pale skin color, sweating]. Lymph node stations (cervical, axillary, supraclavicular, inguinal) [lymphadenopathy (lymph node enlargement)?] Abdomen: Shape of the abdomen? Skin … Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Examination
1st-order laboratory parameters-obligatory laboratory tests. Complete blood count [leukocytosis (increase in white blood cell count) with risk of leukostasis syndrome at levels >100,000/μl; displacement of normal hematopoiesis (blood formation)]. Caution. The leukocyte count is little evidence of leukemia, because acute leukemias can also be subleukemic, i.e., accompanied by normal or even slightly increased leukocyte count. … Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Test and Diagnosis
Therapeutic targets Destruction of the majority of leukemia cells Achievement of remission (disappearance of disease symptoms; percentage of leukemia cells < 5%, return to normal hematopoiesis), possibly also partial remission or full remission (in blood and bone marrow are no longer detectable leukemia cells). Therapy recommendations If serious complications are already present at diagnosis, it … Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Drug Therapy
Mandatory medical device diagnostics. Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs) – for basic diagnosis. X-ray of the thorax (X-ray thorax/chest), in two planes – as basic diagnostics. Electrocardiogram (ECG; recording of the electrical activity of the heart muscle), echocardiography (echo; cardiac ultrasound) – as basic cardiological diagnostics. Computed tomography (CT; sectional imaging method … Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Diagnostic Tests
To prevent acute myeloid leukemia, attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Consumption of stimulants Tobacco (smoking) Overweight (BMI ≥ 25; obesity). Environmental pollution – intoxications (poisonings). Radiation exposure, especially in combination with the administration of alkylanzien (cytostatics). Benzene Exposure to petroleum products, paints, ethylene oxides. Formaldehyde? Herbicides (weed killers). … Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Prevention
Radiation therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Radiation therapy (radiatio) of the head, if necessary: CNS radiatio, depending on age 15-24 Gy/children 15-18 Gy, if there is evidence of CNS (central nervous system) involvement.
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Fatigue, tiredness Anorexia (loss of appetite) Bleeding tendency Pale skin color Dyspnea (shortness of breath) Weight loss Fever High susceptibility to infection Cough Lymphadenopathy (lymph node enlargement) Bone pain Arthralgia (joint pain) Cephalgia (headache) Sweats Rarely, tumorous infiltrates occur in various organs, which may … Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Pathogenesis (disease development) In acute myeloid leukemia, there is mass shedding of immature blasts (young, not finally differentiated cells) into the peripheral blood. The precursor of secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in approximately one-third of cases. MDS and sAML are highly clonal cancers. In 18% of AML patients, a DNMT3A mutation … Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Causes
