Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of typhoid abdominalis. Family history What is the current health status of your family members? Social history Have you been on vacation? If so, what country were you in? Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). Have you noticed any symptoms of … Typhoid Abdominalis: Medical History
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Influenza Malaria Paratyphoid infection
The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by typhoid abdominalis: Respiratory system (J00-J99) Bronchopneumonia (pneumonia). Cardiovascular system (I00-I99) Endocarditis (endocardial inflammation). Thromboembolic events, unspecified. Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Typhoid recurrence Liver, gallbladder and bile ducts – Pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87). Cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation). Liver abscesses (encapsulated collection … Typhoid Abdominalis: Complications
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, body weight, body height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae (white part of the eye) [bloody-borky mucosal coatings; roseola typhi (skin lesions) on the trunk of the body; exsiccosis (dehydration)] Abdomen … Typhoid Abdominalis: Examination
Laboratory parameters of the 1st order – obligatory laboratory tests. Small blood count Differential blood count Inflammatory parameters – CRP (C-reactive protein) or PCT (procalcitonin). Urine status (rapid test for: pH, leukocytes, nitrite, protein, glucose, ketone, urobilinogen, bilirubin, blood), sediment, if necessary urine culture (pathogen detection and resistogram, that is, testing suitable antibiotics for sensitivity … Typhoid Abdominalis: Test and Diagnosis
Obligatory medical device diagnostics. Sonography/comupter tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-if biliary tract involvement [evidence of dilated bile ducts].
Typhoid vaccination is the most important and effective preventive measure (protection rate 50-70% in persons >3 years of age). To prevent typhoid abdominalis, attention must be paid to reducing risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Diet – consumption of raw, contaminated food and beverages. Other risk factors Warm season (high outdoor temperatures) Abroad, as far as … Typhoid Abdominalis: Prevention
Typhoid abdominalis can be divided into the following stages: Stage incrementi (initial stage). Stage acmes or stage fastigii – symptoms appearing after about a week. Stage decrementi – after three to four weeks onset of symptomatology. The following symptoms and complaints may indicate the stage incrementi (from Latin incrementum = “increase”) of typhoid abdominalis: General … Typhoid Abdominalis: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Pathogenesis (development of disease) Typhoid abdominalis is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi (Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhi). The disease is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Fecal-oral transmission is also possible. The incubation period (time from infection to onset of disease) ranges from a few to 30 days. In the case … Typhoid Abdominalis: Causes
General measures Observance of the general hygiene measures! In the occurrence of fever: Bed rest and physical rest (even with only a slight fever). Fever below 38.5 °C does not necessarily need to be treated! (Exceptions: Children prone to febrile convulsions; old, weakened people; patients with a weakened immune system). For fever from 39 ° … Typhoid Abdominalis: Therapy
Therapeutic targets Rehydration (fluid balance). Elimination of pathogens Avoidance of complications Therapy recommendations Antibiosis (antibiotic therapy) – Quinolones (gyrase inhibitors) are considered the gold standard in terms of the number of recurrences and persistent excretions. However, a third-generation cephalosporin such as ceftriaxone should now be used if patients are not from Africa. The reason is … Typhoid Abdominalis: Drug Therapy