Skull Bones
All bones of the human skeleton above the cervical spine are called skull bones. They can be roughly divided into the bones surrounding the brain and the facial bones forming the face and jaw. The cerebral skull consists of the occipital bone (Os occipitale), the two parietal bones (Os parietale) and temporal bones (Os temporale), as well as the sphenoid bone (Os sphenoidale) and the frontal bone (Os frontale).
At birth, these are not yet completely fused together, but this happens during the first two years of life. With the exception of the articulated lower jaw (Mandibula), the bones of the facial skull in adults have also grown together. Apart from the mandible bone, only the ploughshare bone (Vomer) and the ethmoid bone (Os ethmoidale) of the facial skull are bones that are centrally located and therefore occur only once per person.
The nasal bones (Os nasale), inferior nasal conchae (Concha nasalis inferior), palatine bones (Os palatinum), zygomatic bones (Os zygomatikum), lacrimal bones (Os lacrimale), as well as the upper jaw bones (Maxilla) occur twice, symmetrically arranged on the left and right. Whether the hyoid bone (Os hyoideum) and the ossicles malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup) also contribute to the skull bones is controversial. In their entirety, the bones of the skull are among the most variable in the human skeleton in terms of form.
A variety of skull shapes are distinguished on the basis of different measuring points. The skull obviously represents a vital structure of our body, which is why injuries to the skull should always be taken seriously. Frequent injuries are, for example, the skull and brain trauma is an injury of the skull with brain involvement due to an external influence.
This trauma can be visible from the outside, then it is called an open craniocerebral trauma. Here are From the head laceration, brain tissue may leak out under certain circumstances. In the same way, however, a craniocerebral trauma can be closed, one also says covered.
This is by no means less dangerous!Despite the absence of external findings, it can be too massive. The symptoms do not have to occur immediately after the trauma, which is why it is always advisable to monitor a patient who has suffered a craniocerebral trauma as an in-patient in order to rule out complications. The fracture of the base of the skull (skull base fracture) is also caused by a violent impact against the head, often in a traffic accident.
The fracture gap is most often located either in the area of the nose or the ear. Depending on the fracture, cerebral fluid often leaks from either the nose or the ear. In patients with a skull base fracture, bleeding is also often seen around one or both eyes (corresponding to monocular or spectacle hematoma), since leaking blood can easily collect in the soft tissue behind the eyes. Here, there are both slight gradients as well as severe gradients, which correspond to the picture of craniocerebral trauma.
- Craniocerebral trauma and the
- Basal skull fracture.
- The scalp,
- The skull and
- If necessary, the hard meninges (dura mater) can be seen.
- Cerebral hemorrhages,
- Pinchings or
- Swellings come, which in the worst case can lead to unconsciousness.
