How codeine works Codeine dampens the cough reflex by inhibiting the cough center in the brain stem. According to current doctrine, this codeine effect is mainly due to morphine – a metabolic intermediate (metabolite) to which codeine is converted in small amounts in the liver. However, there is also evidence that codeine-6-glucuronide is responsible for … Codeine: Effects, Usage, Side Effects
Antitussives are used to treat diseases with irritating cough. They provide a stilling of the cough, colloquially antitussives are therefore also called cough suppressants. Coughing is a common symptom of colds or flu-like infections and can be very distressing to the patient. What are antitussives? In most cases, antitussives are found in what are called … Antitussives: Effect, Uses & Risks
Products Dihydrocodeine is commercially available as sustained-release tablets, drops, and syrup (Codicontin, Paracodin, Escotussin, Macatussin Syrup). It has been approved in many countries since 1957. Structure and properties Dihydrocodeine (C18H23NO3, Mr = 301.4 g/mol) is a hydrogenated derivative of codeine. It is present in drugs as dihydrocodeine thiocyanate, dihydrocodeine hydrochloride, or dihydrocodeine tartrate. Dihydrocodeine tartrate … Dihydrocodeine
Cough syrup as an intoxicant Many antirritant cough syrups contain active ingredients that are psychoactive in high doses and can be abused as intoxicants. Substances include, for example: Opioids such as codeine, dihydrocodeine and ethylmorphine. NMDA antagonists: dextromethorphan Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine and oxomemazine. Phenothiazines: promethazine (out of commerce). Such drugs are unlike other drugs … Misuse of Cough Syrup
Definition The dispensing of licensed medicines is strictly regulated by law in many countries. Drugs may be available by prescription (prescription-only), nonprescription, and over-the-counter. Typical dispensing points are pharmacies, drugstores and doctors’ offices, provided that self-dispensing is permitted by the canton. Category E drugs may also be sold in the retail trade, for example in … Dispensing Categories of Medicinal Products
Symptoms Neck tension manifests as neck and muscle pain and a tightening and hardening of the muscles. They result in limited range of motion. Under certain circumstances, the head can no longer be turned to the side. This condition is also known as “cervical gyration.” The pain and cramping are uncomfortable and disrupt normal daily … Neck Tension
Products Dextromethorphan is available in the form of tablets, lozenges, sustained-release capsules, syrup, and drops, among others (in many countries, for example, Bexin, Calmerphan, Calmesin, Pulmofor, combination preparations). The first drugs came on the market in the 1950s. Structure and properties Dextromethorphan (C18H25NO, Mr = 271.4 g/mol) was developed as an analog of codeine and … Dextromethorphan
Products In many countries, drugs containing promethazine are currently no longer on the market. The last product to be withdrawn from the market was Rhinathiol promethazine with the expectorant carbocisteine on January 31, 2009. However, medicines are still available in many countries. The original drug is Phenergan. Promethazine was developed in the 1940s at Rhône-Poulenc, … Promethazine
Products Codeine is available alone or in combination with other active ingredients in the form of tablets, effervescent tablets, capsules, dragées, syrups, drops, bronchial pastilles, and as suppositories. It is also combined fixedly with acetaminophen for the treatment of pain (see under codeine acetaminophen). Structure and properties Codeine (C18H21NO3, Mr = 299.36 g/mol) is -methylated … Codeine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products The narcotics are a group of centrally acting drugs and substances, which are strongly regulated and controlled by the state respectively by the drug and health authorities. This is primarily to prevent abuse and to protect the population from the undesirable effects and addiction. Certain narcotics – for example, many potent hallucinogens – are … Narcotics Effects and Side Effects
Products Ambroxol is commercially available in the form of lozenges, sustained-release capsules, and syrup (e.g., Mucosolvon), among others. It has been approved in many countries since 1982. Structure and properties Ambroxol (C13H18Br2N2O, Mr = 378.1 g/mol) is present in drugs as ambroxol hydrochloride, a white to yellowish crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. … Ambroxol (Mucosolvan)
Nalbuphine is an analgesic agent that belongs to the opioid group. It is used for short periods to relieve moderate to acute pain and is primarily administered as a solution with varying levels of active ingredient. In addition, the substance is also used in anesthesia. What is nalbuphine? Nalbuphine is a medicinal substance belonging to … Nalbuphine: Effects, Uses & Risks