Products Treosulfan was approved in the EU in 2019 and in many countries in 2020 as a powder for the preparation of an infusion solution (Trecondi). Structure and properties Treosulfan (C6H14O8S2, Mr = 278.3 g/mol) Effects Treosulfan (ATC L01AB02) has cytotoxic and antineoplastic properties. It is a prodrug of a bifunctional alkylating agent active against … Treosulfan
Definition Onset of action is the time at which the effect of a drug becomes observable or measurable. There is a delay between the administration of the drug (application) and the onset of action. We refer to this period of time as the latency period. It is in the range of minutes, hours, days, or … Onset of Action
Products Pibrentasvir was approved in the United States, many countries, and the EU in 2017 as a fixed-dose combination with glecaprevir in film-coated tablet form (Maviret). Structure and properties Pibrentasvir (C57H65F5N10O8, Mr = 1113.2 g/mol) exists as a white to slightly yellow crystalline powder. Effects Pibrentasvir has antiviral properties. The effects are due to binding … Pibrentasvir
Definition and examples Any pharmacologically active drug can also cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs). According to the WHO definition, these are harmful and unintended effects during intended use. In English, this is referred to as an (ADR). Typical adverse effects are: Headache, dizziness, sleep disturbance, fatigue, impaired reaction time. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, … Adverse Effects
Definition Distribution (distribution) is a pharmacokinetic process that begins immediately after absorption of the drug from the intestine. During this process, the drug enters the bloodstream and travels to organs, body fluids, and tissues. Distribution is necessary for the drug to reach its drug target at a sufficient concentration. For example, an antidepressant must be … Distribution
Products Verapamil is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets and sustained-release tablets (Isoptin, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1964. Verapamil is also combined fixed with trandolapril (Tarka). Structure and properties Verapamil (C27H38N2O4, Mr = 454.60 g/mol) is a racemate consisting of the – and -enantiomer. It is an analog … Verapamil: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Palivizumab is commercially available as an injectable (Synagis). It has been approved in many countries since 1999. Structure and properties Palivizumab is a humanized IgG1k monoclonal antibody with a molecular mass of 148 kDa that binds to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The drug target is A-epitope of the fusion protein (F-protein) on the surface … Palivizumab
Delineation The fact that medicinal products, food supplements and medical devices are not one and the same is often known only to experts. However, there are important differences between the categories, which concern, for example, legislation and regulatory requirements. This article refers primarily to the so-called , which are similar to medicinal products. In addition, … Medical Devices
Definition Active ingredients are the active components of a drug that are responsible for its pharmacological effects. Drugs may contain a single active ingredient, multiple active ingredients, or complex mixtures such as herbal extracts. In addition to the active ingredients, a drug contains various excipients that should be as pharmacologically inert as possible. The percentage … Pharmaceutical Active Ingredient
Products Bempedoic acid was approved in the EU, the United States, and many countries in 2020 in the form of film-coated tablets (Nilemdo). The active ingredient is also combined fixed with ezetimibe (Nustendi film-coated tablets). Structure and properties Bempedoic acid (C19H36O5, Mr = 344.5 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder that is practically insoluble … Bempedoic Acid
Definition Glucuronidation refers to an intracellular metabolic reaction in which an endogenous or exogenous substrate is conjugated to glucuronic acid. The organism thereby makes the substrates more water soluble so that they can be rapidly excreted in the urine. Glucuronidation belongs to phase II metabolism (conjugations). UDP: uridine diphosphate UGT: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes involved Glucuronidation is … Glucuronidation
Products Ledipasvir is approved as a fixed combination with sofosbuvir in the form of film-coated tablets (Harvoni). It was released in many countries in 2014. The high price of the drug is controversial (see Sofosbuvir). Cheaper generics are available in India: MyHep LVIR. Structure and properties Ledipasvir (C49H54F2N8O6, Mr = 888.9 g/mol) is practically insoluble … Ledipasvir
