glitazones

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Causes and Treatment

Symptoms The possible acute symptoms of type 2 diabetes include: Thirst (polydipsia) and hunger (polyphagia). Increased urination (polyuria). Visual disturbances Weight loss Fatigue, exhaustion, declining performance. Poor wound healing, infectious diseases. Skin lesions, itching Acute complications: Hyperacidity (ketoacidosis), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Untreated diabetes is far from harmless and can lead in the longer term to … Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Causes and Treatment

Gliptine

Products Gliptins are commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets. Sitagliptin (Januvia) was the first representative to be approved in the United States in 2006. Today, various active ingredients and combination products are commercially available (see below). They are also called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Structure and properties Some gliptins have a proline-like structure because … Gliptine

Glitazare

Effects Glitazars combine the lipid-lowering effects of fibrates (lower triglycerides and LDL, increase HDL) with the antidiabetic effect of glitazones, which increase tissue sensitivity to insulin. Mechanism of action Glitazars have a dual mechanism of action. On the one hand, they activate the nuclear receptor PPAR-alpha, the drug target of fibrates, and on the other … Glitazare

Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)

Effects Glitazones are antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperglycemic, i.e., they decrease insulin resistance. Glitazones are selective and potent agonists at nuclear PPAR-γ. They improve glycemic control by enhancing insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. Indications Type 2 diabetes mellitus Active ingredients Pioglitazone (Actos) Rosiglitazone (Avandia, off label). Troglitazone (Rezulin, out of commerce, liver … Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)

Antidiabetics

Active ingredients Insulins substitute for endogenous insulin: Human insulin Insulin analogues Biguanides reduce hepatic glucose formation: Metformin (Glucophage, generic). Sulfonylureas promote insulin secretion from beta cells: Glibenclamide (Daonil, generic). Glibornuride (Glutril, off label). Gliclazide (Diamicron, generic). Glimepiride (Amaryl, generics) Glinides promote insulin secretion from beta cells: Repaglinide (NovoNorm, generic). Nateglinide (Starlix) Glitazones decrease peripheral insulin … Antidiabetics

Rosiglitazone

Products Rosiglitazone was commercially available in tablet form (Avandia). It had been approved since 1999 and was also commercially available in fixed combination with the biguanide metformin (Avandamet). The combination with the sulfonylurea glimepiride (Avaglim, EU, off-label) was not approved in many countries. A publication in on possible cardiovascular risks led to a controversy about … Rosiglitazone

Pioglitazone

Products Pioglitazone is commercially available in tablet form (Actos, generics). It is also available as a fixed-dose combination with metformin (Competact). Pioglitazone has been approved in many countries since 2000. Structure and properties Pioglitazone (C19H20N2O3S, Mr = 356.4 g/mol) belongs to the thiazolidinediones. It is present in drugs as a racemate and as pioglitazone hydrochloride, … Pioglitazone

Troglitazone

Products Troglitazone (Rezulin, tablets) is not commercially available in many countries. It was approved in 1997 and withdrawn from the market in 2000 because of its liver-toxic properties. Structure and properties Troglitazone (C24H27NO5S, Mr = 441.5 g/mol) belongs structurally to the thiazolidinediones. Effects Troglitazone (ATC A10BG01) is antidiabetic. Effects are due to agonism at the … Troglitazone

Linagliptin

Products Linagliptin has been registered as a film-coated tablet in the United States and EU since 2011 and in many countries since 2012 (Trajenta). It went on sale in many countries on May 1, 2012. Linagliptin is also combined fixed with metformin as well as with empagliflozin. Trijardy XR is a fixed combination of empagliflozin, … Linagliptin

Side effects | Glitazones

Side effects Glitazones may cause heart failure after prolonged use in patients at risk or worsen in patients with pre-existing heart failure. Unfortunately, heart failure is particularly common in patients with type 2 diabetes. Doctors are therefore cautious and will not prescribe glitazones in patients with existing heart failure. Heart weakness becomes noticeable through water … Side effects | Glitazones

Glitazones

Synonyms in a broader sense Diabetes medication, medication Diabetes mellitus, pioglitazone (e.g. Actos®) Rosiglitazone (e.g. Avandia®) How do Glitazones Pioglitazone (e.g. Actos®) Rosiglitazone (e.g. Avandia®) work? The drugs from the substance group of glitazones with the two commercially available products pioglitazone (Actos®) and rosiglitazone (Avandia®) are also called “insulin sensitisers”. “Insulin sensitizers” because they increase … Glitazones

Side effects of Metformin

Metformin is one of the best known drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is an acquired diabetes, also known as “adult-onset diabetes”, which, according to a possible genetic predisposition, is aggravated by overweight and leads to permanently elevated blood sugar levels. In order to reduce the excessive sugar levels in … Side effects of Metformin