Products Numerous nasal sprays containing vasoconstrictive agents are commercially available. Among the best known are xylometazoline (Otrivin, generic) and oxymetazoline (Nasivin). In addition to sprays, nasal drops and nasal gels are also available. Decongestants for the nose have been available since the early 20th century (Sneader, 2005). As early as the 1940s, rhinitis medicamentosa was … Decongestant Nasal Sprays
Symptoms Rhinitis medicamentosa manifests as a stuffy nose with swollen and histologically altered nasal mucosa. Causes It is the result of prolonged use of decongestant nasal medications (sprays, drops, oils, gels) containing active ingredients such as xylometazoline, oxymetazoline, naphazoline, or phenylephrine. Because the nasal mucosa no longer swells on its own and habituation occurs, the … Rhinitis Medicamentosa
Symptoms Vasomotor rhinitis manifests as a chronic watery-running and/or stuffy nose. Symptoms resemble hay fever but occur year-round and without eye involvement. Both diseases can also occur together. Other possible symptoms include sneezing, itching, headache, frequent swallowing and coughing. Causes and triggers Vasomotor rhinitis is one of the nonallergic and noninfectious rhinitides. The exact causes … Vasomotor Rhinitis
Symptoms Nasal polyps are usually bilateral and localized benign mucosal protrusions of the nasal cavity or sinuses. The leading symptom is nasal constriction leading to a change in voice quality. Other possible symptoms include a watery discharge (rhinorrhea), impaired sense of smell and taste, pain and a feeling of fullness in the head. Nasal polyps … Nasal Polyps
Products Nasal sprays are very widely used and there are many different products on the market, which are approved drugs or medical devices (see below). Nasal sprays are also manufactured in pharmacies. Structure and properties Nasal sprays are solutions, emulsions, or suspensions intended for spraying into the nasal cavities. They may contain one or more … Nasal Sprays
Effects Antihistamine nasal sprays have antihistamine and antiallergic properties. They are antagonists of histamine at the H1 receptor, reversing histamine effects and thus relieving symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and runny nose. Azelastine is also mast cell stabilizing, which is considered a therapeutic advantage. Glucocorticoid nasal sprays are more effective than antihistamine nasal sprays, but … Antihistamine Nasal Sprays
Anatomical background Humans have 4 sinuses, the maxillary sinuses, the frontal sinuses, the ethmoid sinuses, and the sphenoid sinuses. They are connected to the nasal cavity by 1-3 mm narrow bony openings called ostia and are lined with a thin respiratory epithelium with goblet cells and seromucous glands. The ciliated hairs provide clearance of mucus … Acute Sinusitis
Products Triamcinolone acetonide is commercially available as suspension for injection (Kenacort-A), solution for injection (Kenacort-A Solubile, Ledermix), crystal suspension (Triamcort Depot), paste (Kenacort-A Orabase), tincture (Kenacort-A + salicylic acid), nasal spray (Nasacort, Nasacort Allergo), cream (Pevisone + Econazole). Structure and properties Triamcinolone acetonide (C24H31FO6, Mr = 434.5 g/mol) is a white crystalline powder that is … Triamcinolone Acetonide
Products Triamcinolone acetonide nasal sprays have been approved in many countries since 1996 and are commercially available as propellant-free metered-dose sprays (Nasacort, Nasacort Allergo, Suspension). Structure and properties Triamcinolone acetonide (C24H31FO6, Mr = 434.5 g/mol) is a white crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. It is a lipophilic and potent derivative of triamcinolone. … Triamcinolone Acetonide Nasal Spray
Products Tixocortolpivalate is commercially available in combination with neomycin as a nasal spray (Pivalone). It has been approved in many countries since 1986. Structure and properties Tixocortolpivalate (C21H30O4S, Mr = 378.5 g/mol) is a 21-thiosteroid. Effects Tixocortolpivalate (ATC R01AD07) has anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties. The effects are due to binding to intracellular glucocorticoid receptors. Indications … Tixocortolpivalate
Symptoms Production of sounds through the upper airway during sleep. Snoring is very common and is reported to occur in 25-40% of the population. Complications Snoring is primarily a social problem, for example in relationships, in military service, on vacation, in tents or mass camps. In other words, whenever several people sleep together in a … Snoring Causes and Remedies
Products Mometasone nasal spray has been approved in many countries since 1997 (Nasonex, generics). Generic products were approved in 2012 and entered the market in 2013. Mometasone furoate is also used for the treatment of skin conditions and asthma see Mometasone and Mometasone Inhalation. Structure and properties Mometasone (C22H28Cl2O4, Mr = 427.4 g/mol) is present … Mometasone Nasal Spray
