A reflex refers to an automatic, involuntary response of an organ tissue, such as a muscle or gland, to a stimulus. One can distinguish physiologic (“natural” or age-appropriate) reflexes from pathologic (abnormal) reflexes (ICD-10-GM R29.2 abnormal reflexes) as well as primitive reflexes. Physiological reflexes, in turn, can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic reflexes. In … Abnormal Reflexes
Testicular torsion – colloquially called testicular torsion – (synonyms: epididymal torsion; testicular torsion; epididymal torsion; spermatic cord torsion; testicular torsion; torsion of the ductus deferens; torsion of the funiculus spermaticus; ICD-10-GM N44.0: testicular torsion) is an acute reduced blood supply to the testis caused by the sudden rotation of the testis about its vascular pedicle. … Testicular Torsion: Causes and Treatment
Obligatory medical device diagnostics. Electrocardiogram (ECG; recording of the electrical activity of the heart muscle) – to rule out myocardial infarction (heart attack). X-ray of the thorax (X-ray thorax/chest), in two planes. Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination and obligatory laboratory parameters – for differential diagnostic clarification. … Heart Pain (Cardialgia): Diagnostic Tests
Medical history (history of illness) is an important component in the diagnosis of pediculosis capitis (head lice infestation). Family history What is the general health of your relatives? Social history What is your profession? Do you live/work in a community facility? Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). Have you noticed red papules on … Head Lice Infestation (Pediculosis Capitis): Medical History
The medical history (history of the patient) represents an important component in the diagnosis of abnormal reflexes. Family history Are there any conditions in your family that are common? Are there any hereditary diseases in your family? Social history What is your profession? Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). What changes have you … Abnormal Reflexes: Medical History
Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of testicular torsion (testicular torsion). Family history Social history Current anamnesis/systemic anamnesis (somatic and psychological complaints). Do you have any pain? If yes, when does the pain occur? Did the pain come on suddenly?* Where is the pain localized? (Testicle, groin?) How long … Testicular Torsion: Medical History
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate cardialgia (heart pain): Leading symptoms “Chest tightness”; sudden onset of pain in the region of the heart (angina pectoris). Obstruction of breathing (dyspnea). Stinging/burning/tearing Chest pain (retrosternal pain) Radiation to other regions of the body (neck, arms). Occurrence after stress, after a meal, etc.
The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by pediculosis capitis (head lice infestation): Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Superinfection of scratch wounds, especially on the back of the head, neck, and behind the ears (staphylococci and streptococci). Pediculosis capitis is potential vector of highly pathogenic bacteria: Bartonella quintana … Head Lice Infestation (Pediculosis Capitis): Complications
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93). Incarcerated hernia – incarcerated soft tissue hernia. Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48) Testicular tumor, unspecified Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – reproductive organs) (N00-N99). Epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis). Hydatid torsion – twisting of testicular/epididymal appendages. Orchitis (inflammation of the testis) Scrotal edema – accumulation of … Testicular Torsion: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
Heart failure – colloquially called cardiac insufficiency – (synonyms: Senile heart failure; asthma cardiale; exercise heart failure; cardiac insufficiency; diastolic heart failure; heart failure; cardiovascular insufficiency; myocardial insufficiency; cardiac edema; insufficientia cordis; cardiac anasarca; cardiac asthenia; cardiac dyspnea; cardiac exhaustion; cardiac global insufficiency; cardiac insufficiency; cardiac weakness; cardiac stasis; cardiac congestion; cardiac congestive heart failure; … Heart Failure (Cardiac Insufficiency)
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; furthermore: Inspection (viewing) of skin (especially scalp) [due tosymptoms: erythematous (“accompanied by redness of the skin”) papules (lat.: papula “vesicle”), occasionally regional lymphadenopathy (enlargement of lymph nodes)] Square brackets [ ] indicate … Head Lice Infestation (Pediculosis Capitis): Examination
Medical history (history of illness) is an important component in the diagnosis of heart failure (heart insufficiency). Family history Is there a history of frequent heart disease in your family? Social history Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). Do you notice shortness of breath when you exert yourself? At what level of exertion … Heart Failure (Cardiac Insufficiency): Medical History
