Products Benzodiazepines are commercially available in the form of tablets, melting tablets, capsules, drops, and injectables, among others (selection). Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), the first benzodiazepine, was synthesized in the 1950s by Leo Sternbach at Hoffmann-La Roche and was launched in 1960. The second active ingredient, the well-known diazepam (Valium), was launched in 1962. Numerous other drugs … Benzodiazepines Effects and Side Effects
Products In many countries, human drugs containing ampicillin are no longer commercially available. In other countries, film-coated tablets and injectables are available, often in fixed combination with sulbactam. Structure and properties Ampicillin (C16H19N3O4S, Mr = 349.4 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. In contrast, the sodium salt ampicillin … Ampicillin (Polycillin, Principen, Omnipen)
Products Sympatholytics are commercially available in the form of tablets, capsules, as injectables, and eye drops, among others. Effects Sympatholytics have sympatholytic properties, meaning that they abolish the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, a portion of the autonomic nervous system. Their effects are usually due to direct antagonism at adrenoceptors. Indirect sympatholytics reduce the … Sympatholytics
Products Neuraminidase inhibitors are commercially available in the form of capsules, powder for oral suspension, powder inhalers, and injectables. The first agents to be approved were zanamivir (Relenza) in 1999, followed by oseltamivir (Tamiflu). Laninamivir (Inavir) was released in Japan in 2010 and Peramivir (Rapivab) in the USA in 2014. The public is most familiar … Neuraminidase Inhibitor
Products Soybean oil is used as an excipient in medicinal products, for example, injectables, soft capsules, baths and semi-solid dosage forms. Structure and properties Refined soybean oil is a fatty oil obtained from the seeds of by extraction and subsequent purification. A suitable antioxidant may be added. Refined soybean oil exists as a clear, pale … Soybean Oil
Products Anti-allergy medications are available in numerous dosage forms. These include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, nasal sprays, eye drops, inhalation preparations, and injectables. Structure and properties Antiallergic drugs do not have a uniform chemical structure. However, several groups within the class can be identified (see below). Effects Antiallergic drugs have antiallergic, antiinflammatory, immunosuppressive, antihistamine, and … Antiallergics
Products Antiandrogens are mainly commercially available in the form of tablets, capsules, and injectables. Among the first steroidal agents was cyproterone acetate, which was patented in the 1960s. Flutamide was the first non-steroidal agent to be approved in the 1980s. Structure and properties A distinction is made between antiandrogens with a steroidal structure (like the … Antiandrogens
Products The narcotics are a group of centrally acting drugs and substances, which are strongly regulated and controlled by the state respectively by the drug and health authorities. This is primarily to prevent abuse and to protect the population from the undesirable effects and addiction. Certain narcotics – for example, many potent hallucinogens – are … Narcotics Effects and Side Effects
Products Injection preparations are approved as medicinal products. Structure and properties Injection preparations are sterile solutions, emulsions, or suspensions prepared by dissolving, emulsifying, or suspending the active ingredient and excipients in water or a suitable nonaqueous liquid (e.g., fatty oils). Compared with infusions, these are usually small volumes in the range of less than a … Injections
Products Local anesthetics are commercially available as injectables, in the form of creams, ointments, gels, plasters, lozenges, throat sprays, and gargle solutions, among others (selection). The first active ingredient from this group was cocaine, used in the 19th century by Carl Koller and Sigmund Freud; see also Sigmund Freud and cocaine. Local anesthetics are also … Local Anesthetics Effects and Side Effects
Products Lipid-lowering agents are mainly sold as tablets and capsules as monopreparations and combination preparations. Some other dosage forms exist, such as granules and injectables. Statins have established themselves as the most important group at present. Structure and properties The chemical structure of lipid-lowering agents is inconsistent. However, within the class, groups with comparable structures … Lipid-Lowering Agents
Products Polysorbate 80 is present in many drugs as an excipient. These include tablets, injectables (e.g., amiodarone), biologics (therapeutic proteins, vaccines), and solutions. It is also used in personal care products and in foods. Structure and properties Polysorbate 80 is a mixture of partial esters of fatty acids, mainly oleic acid, with sorbitol and its … Polysorbate 80
