Products Carbidopa is used in combination with levodopa in tablet form. In addition to the original Sinemet, generic versions are also available. Carbidopa has been approved in many countries since 1973. Structure and properties Carbidopa (C10H14N2O4, Mr = Mr = 226.2 g/mol) is present in drugs as carbidopa monohydrate, a white crystalline powder that is … Carbidopa
Introductory question How much active ingredient is in a 10 mg cetirizine tablet? (a) 5 mg B) 7.5 mg C) 10 mg The correct answer is a. Image and mirror image Many active pharmaceutical ingredients exist as racemates. They consist of two molecules that behave like an image and mirror image of each other. These … Enantiomers
Symptoms Restless legs syndrome manifests as an uncomfortable and difficult-to-describe feeling in the legs and a strong urge to move the legs. Less commonly, the arms are also affected. The unilateral or bilateral insensations include, for example, a burning sensation, pain, pressing, creeping and a pulling sensation. The discomfort occurs mainly at rest, for example, … Restless Legs Syndrome Causes and Treatment
Products Formoterol is commercially available in the form of capsules for inhalation (Foradil) and as a powder inhaler (Oxis). Furthermore, combination products with budesonide (Symbicort Turbuhaler, Vannair Dosieraerosol) and fluticasone propionate are available (Formoterol Dosieraerosol). Formoterol is also combined with beclometasone fixed, see under beclometasone and formoterol (Foster). Furthermore, in 2020, a fixed combination with … Formoterol
Products Tolcapone is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Tasmar). It has been approved in many countries since 1997. Structure and properties Tolcapone (C14H11NO5, Mr = 273.2 g/mol) exists as a yellow, odorless, non-hygroscopic, crystalline powder. It is a nitrobenzophenone. Effects Tolcapone (ATC N04BX01) affects the pharmacokinetics of levodopa. The effects are due … Tolcapon
Products Pure vanillin is available in pharmacies and drugstores. Vanillin is an ingredient in many products (see below). Vanillin sugar, a mixture of sugar and vanillin, is available in grocery stores. Structure and properties Vanillin (C8H8O3, Mr = 152.1 g/mol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) exists as a white to slightly yellowish crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in … Vanillin
Effects Decarboxylase inhibitors inhibit decarboxylase, which metabolizes levodopa to dopamine. They are used exclusively in combination with levodopa to treat Parkinson’s disease. Their effect is limited to the periphery because they hardly cross the blood–brain barrier. Decarboxylase inhibitors thus allow more or less selective degradation of levodopa to dopamine in the central nervous system and … Decarboxylase Inhibitor
Products Isoniazid is commercially available in tablet form (eg, Isoniazid Labatec, combination products). Structure and properties Isoniazid (C6H7N3O, Mr = 137.1 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder or colorless crystals and is readily soluble in water. It is also known as isonicotinylhydrazine (INH). Effects Isoniazid (ATC J04AC01) has bacteriostatic to bactericidal properties against . … Isoniazid
Products Asenapine is commercially available in the form of sublingual tablets (Sycrest). It was approved in many countries in 2012. In the United States, it has been registered since 2009. Structure and properties Asenapine (C17H16ClNO, Mr = 285.8 g/mol) is present in the drug as asenapine maleate. It belongs to the class of dibenzooxepin pyrroles. … Asenapine
Effects The majority of antiparkinsonian drugs are directly or indirectly dopaminergic. Some are anticholinergic in action. Indications Parkinson’s disease, including drug-induced Parkinson’s disease in some cases. Drug treatment Overview of drug therapy: 1. dopaminergic agents Levodopa is a precursor of dopamine and is considered the most important and effective pharmacotherapy for PD. Combining it with … Antiparkinsonian
Products Methionine is commercially available in the form of tablets. Acimethine film-coated tablets, which require a prescription, were approved as a drug in 1988. Burgerstein L-Methionine is a dietary supplement with no indication. Structure and properties L-methionine (C7H13NO3S, Mr = 191.2 g/mol) is a natural, sulfur-containing, and essential amino acid used in the body for, … Methionine
Products Methyldopa is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Aldomet). It has been approved in many countries since 1962. Structure and properties Methyldopa (C10H13NO4, Mr = 211.2 g/mol) is an α-methylated derivative of the amino acid and dopamine precursor levodopa. It is present in drugs as anhydrous methyldopa (Methyldopum anhydricum) or as methyldopa … Methyldopa
