Products Chewing gums with active pharmaceutical ingredients are available in pharmacies and drugstores. In many countries, only a few pharmaceuticals are approved as chewing gums. Most belong to other product categories, for example, confectionery, dietary supplements, or dental care products. Structure and properties Active ingredient-containing chewing gums are solid single-dose preparations with a base mass … Chewing Gums
Products Rivaroxaban is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Xarelto, Xarelto vascular). It was approved in 2008 as the first agent in the direct factor Xa inhibitor group. Low-dose Xarelto vascular, 2.5 mg, was registered in many countries in 2019. Structure and properties Rivaroxaban (C19H18ClN3O5S, Mr = 435.9 g/mol) is a pure -enantiomer … Rivaroxaban
Products Olodaterol was approved in many countries in 2014 as a solution for inhalation (Striverdi). In 2016, a fixed-dose combination with tiotropium bromide was also marketed (Spiolto). Both drugs are administered with the Respimat. Respimat The Respimat is a new inhalation device that releases a visible spray, or aerosol. The droplets are fine and move … Olodaterol
Products Liothyronine (T3) is commercially available in many countries in tablet form in combination with levothyroxine (T4) (Novothyral). In other countries, monopreparations without levothyroxine are also available. Structure and properties Liothyronine (C15H12I3NO4, Mr = 650.977 g/mol) is present in drugs as liothyronine sodium, a white to pale colored, hygroscopic powder that is practically insoluble in … Liothyronine
Products Onasemnogene bebeparvovec was approved in the United States in 2019 as a suspension for intravenous infusion (Zolgensma). Structure and properties It is a gene therapy using the -gene, in which adeno-associated serotype 9 (AAV9) viruses are used as vectors. The gene is contained in the form of double-stranded DNA in the capsid of the … Onasemnogen-Abeparvovec
Products Orexin receptor antagonists are commercially available in tablet form. The first agent in this group to be approved in the United States was suvorexant (Belsomra) in 2014. Lemborexant (Dayvigo) followed in 2019. Structure and properties Orexin receptor antagonists are characterized by a central ring structure to which heterocycles are attached on both sides. Effects … Orexin Receptor Antagonists
Products Insulin glulisine is commercially available as an injectable and is usually administered with an insulin pen (Apidra). It has been approved in many countries since 2005. The brand name Apidra is derived from English (fast), and the active ingredient name glulisine is derived from the exchanged amino acids glutamic acid and lysine. Structure and … Insulin Glulisine
Products Insulin lispro is commercially available as an injectable (Humalog). It has been approved in many countries since 1995. Biosimilars are available in some countries. In 2021, Lyumjev was approved in many countries, a new formulation that is characterized by an (even) faster onset of action and a slightly shorter duration of action. Structure and … Insulin Lispro
Products Lemborexant was approved in the United States in 2019 in film-coated tablet form (Dayvigo). This as the second agent in the orexin receptor antagonist group. Structure and properties Lemborexant (C22H20F2N4O2, Mr = 410.42 g/mol) is a pyrimidine and pyridine derivative. It exists as a white powder and is practically insoluble in water. Effects Lemborexant … Lemborexant
Structure and properties Many active pharmaceutical ingredients are present in the drug as organic salts. This means that the active ingredient is ionized and its charge is neutralized by a counterion (English ). For example, naproxen is present in the over-the-counter pain reliever as a sodium salt. In this form, it is referred to as … Active Ingredient Salts
Definition Onset of action is the time at which the effect of a drug becomes observable or measurable. There is a delay between the administration of the drug (application) and the onset of action. We refer to this period of time as the latency period. It is in the range of minutes, hours, days, or … Onset of Action
Definition In an intravenous injection, a small volume of a drug is administered into a vein using a needle and syringe. The active ingredients disperse into the bloodstream and reach their site of action. For repeated administration, venous access is established with a peripheral venous catheter. Larger volumes can be infused during an intravenous infusion. … Intravenous Injection
