Definition Accumulation refers to the accumulation of an active pharmaceutical ingredient in the organism during regular drug administration. The term comes from the Latin (to accumulate). It occurs when there is an imbalance between the intake and elimination of the active ingredient. If the dosing interval is too short, too much drug is administered. If … Cumulation
Products Caffeine citrate solution was newly approved in many countries in 2016 (Peyona). It was available earlier in other countries. Structure and properties Caffeine (C8H10N4O2, Mr = 194.2 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder or as white silk-like crystals and is sparingly soluble in water. The substance sublimes readily. Citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7 – … Caffeine Citrate Solution
Products Calcifediol was approved in the United States in 2016 and in many countries in 2020 in extended-release capsule form (Rayaldee). Structure and properties Calcifediol (C27H44O2, Mr = 400.6 g/mol) is a hydroxylated derivative of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). It is 25-hydroxycholecalciferol or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Calcifediol is present in the drug as calcifediol monohydrate, a white … Calcifediol
Phenobarbital is a drug that belongs to the barbiturate group. It is used in epilepsy treatment and in anesthesia preparation. What is phenobarbital? Phenobarbital is a drug that belongs to the barbiturate group. It is used in epilepsy treatment and in anesthesia preparation. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate. Barbiturates are drugs that have hypnotic, narcotic or … Phenobarbital: Effects, Uses & Risks
Products Antiepileptic drugs are commercially available in the form of tablets, dispersible tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, syrups, as nasal sprays, enemas, and as injectables, among others. Structure and properties The antiepileptic drugs are structurally heterogeneous agents. Within the class, several groups can be identified (see below). Effects The agents have antiepileptic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant … Antiepileptic Drugs
Products Mesuximide is commercially available in the form of capsules (Petinutin). It has been approved in many countries since 1963. Structure and properties Mesuximide (C12H13NO2, Mr = 203.2 g/mol) belongs to the succinimides and exists as a racemate. The active metabolite -demethylmesuximide, with a long half-life of over 30 hours, is also involved in the … Mesuximide
Products Granisetron is commercially available as film-coated tablets and as an infusion concentrate (Kytril, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1991. A transdermal patch was approved in the EU in 2012 (Sancuso). Structure and properties Granisetron (C18H24N4O, Mr = 312.4 g/mol) is an indazole derivative. It is present in drugs as granisetron … Granisetron
Products Barbexaclone dragées (maliasin, Abbott AG) are no longer available (over-the-counter) in many countries as of May 2010. Abbott AG discontinued production worldwide in 2009. Structure and properties Barbexaclone is a compound of phenobarbital and L-propylhexedrine: Effects See under phenobarbital and barbiturates. L-propylhexedrine is a central stimulant and antagonizes the clinically undesirable sedation of seizure … Barbexaclon (Maliasin)
Products Barbiturates are commercially available in many countries in tablet and injectable forms. Few drugs are still available because barbiturates have become less important after the introduction of benzodiazepines and other psychotropic drugs. Barbiturates were most commonly used in the first half of the 20th century. Barbiturates were synthesized as early as the 19th century. … Barbiturates
Products Canagliflozin is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Invokana). It was approved in the United States and EU in 2013 and in many countries in 2014. Vokanamet is a fixed combination of canagliflozin and metformin. It was also registered in many countries in 2014. Structure and properties Canagliflozin (C24H25FO5S, Mr = 444.5 … Canagliflozin
Products Phenobarbital is commercially available in tablet form and as a solution for injection (aphenylbarbit, phenobarbital Bichsel). It was approved in many countries in 1944. Luminal has been off the market in many countries since late August 2011. Barbexaclone (maliasin), a fixed combination of phenobarbital and L-propylhexedrine, is also no longer available. Structure and properties … Phenobarbital
Products Voriconazole is commercially available as film-coated tablets, powder for the preparation of an infusion solution, and powder for the preparation of a suspension (Vfend, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 2002. Structure and properties Voriconazole (C16H14F3N5O, Mr = 349.3 g/mol) exists as a white powder that is very sparingly soluble in … Voriconazole
