Controlled release from the drug The special design of a drug can be used to achieve delayed, prolonged, continuous, and controlled release of the active ingredient over an extended period of time. This allows the timing, location, and rate of release to be influenced. Galenics Sustained-release drugs include sustained-release tablets, sustained-release capsules, sustained-release granules, and … Retardation
Elimination at the kidney The kidneys, along with the liver, play a central role in the elimination of pharmaceutical agents. They can be filtered at the glomerulus of the nephron, actively secreted at the proximal tubule, and reabsorbed at various tubular segments. In renal insufficiency, these processes are impaired. This may result in a renally … Dose Adjustment in Renal Insufficiency
Products Nateglinide is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Starlix, Starlix mite). It has been approved in many countries since 2000. Structure and properties Nateglinide (C19H27NO3, Mr = 317.42 g/mol) is a cyclohexane derivative of the amino acid phenylalanine. It is a white powder that is practically insoluble in water. Effects Nateglinide (ATC … Nateglinide
Products Nicotine is commercially available in the form of chewing gum, lozenges, sublingual tablets, transdermal patch, oral spray, and inhaler (Nicorette, Nicotinell, generics). The first nicotine replacement product was approved in many countries in 1978. Structure and properties Nicotine (C10H14N2, Mr = 162.2 g/mol) exists as a colorless to brownish, viscous, hygroscopic, volatile liquid that … Nicotine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Snuff is available, for example, in kiosks, tobacco stores and web stores in numerous varieties. It is usually contained in small metal tins. Structure and properties Snuff is made of powdered and fermented tobacco. It has a brown color and an aromatic smell. Tobacco is obtained from the dried leaves of the tobacco plant … Snuff
Products In many countries, no drugs containing sulbactam are commercially available. In other countries, injectables and tablets are available, usually as a fixed combination with the penicillin ampicillin. Structure and properties Sulbactam (C8H11NO5S, Mr = 233.2 g/mol) is present in drugs as sulbactam sodium. It is a penicillanic acid sulfone. Effects Sulbactam (ATC J01CG01) is … Sulbactam
Products Pirfenidone is commercially available in the form of hard capsules and film-coated tablets (Esbriet). It was approved in Japan in 2008 (Pirespa), in the EU in 2011, in the United States in 2014, and in many countries in 2015. Structure and properties Pirfenidone or 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-1(H)-pyridone (C12H11NO, Mr = 185.2 g/mol) is a phenylpyridone. It … Pirfenidone
Products Ranolazine is commercially available in the form of sustained-release tablets (Ranexa). It was approved in the United States as early as 2006, in the EU in July 2008, and in many countries in April 2010. Structure and properties Ranolazine or ()–(2, 6-dimethylphenyl)-4(2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-propyl)-1-piperazine acetamide (C24H33N3O4, Mr = 427.54 g/mol) is a piperazine derivative and a … Ranolazine