Products Stavudine is commercially available in capsule form (Zerit). It has been approved in many countries since 1996. Structure and properties Stavudine (C10H12N2O4, Mr = 224.2 g/mol) is a thymidine analog with a missing 3′-hydroxy group. It is a prodrug that is biotransformed intracellularly to the active metabolite stavudine triphosphate. Stavudine exists as a white … Stavudine
Symptoms Symptoms of Covid-19 include (selection): Fever Cough (irritating cough or with sputum) Respiratory disorders, shortness of breath, shortness of breath. Feeling sick, fatigue Cold symptoms: runny nose, stuffy nose, sore throat. Pain in the limbs, muscle and joint pain. Gastrointestinal complaints: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. Nervous system: impairment of the sense of smell … COVID-19
Background It is estimated that more than 180 million people worldwide are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus. Potential severe complications of hepatitis include cirrhosis, liver carcinoma, and liver failure. Of the various genotypes of the virus, genotype 1 in particular responds poorly to current treatment (50%). Standard drugs used include subcutaneous peginterferon alfa … Boceprevir
Poducts Mercaptopurine is commercially available in tablet and oral suspension form (Puri-Nethol, Xaluprine). The active ingredient has been approved in many countries since 1955. Structure and properties Mercaptopurine (C5H4N4S – H2O, Mr = 170.2 g/mol) exists as a yellow crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. It is an analog of the purine bases … Mercaptopurine
Symptoms Most patients have no symptoms. The disease may manifest as fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, muscle and joint pain, and weight loss. Potential longer-term dangerous complications of chronic infection that can develop over years include cirrhosis and liver cancer. This eventually often makes liver transplantation necessary. Causes The cause of the symptoms is infection … Hepatitis C Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
Products Telaprevir is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Incivo). It was approved in many countries in 2011. Structure and properties Telaprevir (C36H53N7O6, Mr = 679.8 g/mol) is a peptidomimetic and a ketoamide. It exists as a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. Telaprevir is converted in the body to … Telaprevir
Products Didanosine was commercially available in the form of capsules (Videx EC). It was first approved in 1991 as the second HIV drug after AZT (EC = enteric coated, capsules filled with enteric granules). Structure and properties Didanosine (C10H12N4O3, Mr = 236.2 g/mol) corresponds to 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine, a synthetic nucleoside analog of deoxyadenosine. The 3′-hydroxy group … Didanosine
Products Ribavirin is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Copegus). It has been approved in many countries since 1990. Structure and properties Ribavirin (C8H12N4O5, Mr = 244.2 g/mol) is a purine nucleoside analog. It exists as a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water. In cells, the drug is biotransformed to … Ribavirin
Symptoms The disease begins with nonspecific symptoms such as fever, rhinitis, cough, feeling ill, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat, conjunctivitis, and sensitivity to light. Towards the end of the prodromal stage, the characteristic white-blue Koplik spots appear on the inside of the cheeks. As the disease progresses, the typical rash … Measles Causes and Treatment
Products Simeprevir was approved in capsule form in the United States in 2013, in the EU in 2014, and in many countries in 2015 (Olysio). Structure and properties Simeprevir (C38H47N5O7S2, Mr = 749.9 g/mol) is present in the drug product as simeprevir sodium. The macrocyclic molecule contains a sulfonamide moiety, which may cause adverse effects … Simeprevir
What drugs are used for hepatitis C? Until 2014, hepatitis C was treated mainly with interferon and drugs that inhibit the multiplication of the virus. In most cases, interferon-α was administered in combination with ribavirin. Since 2015, new drugs that directly attack the virus have been approved. NS5-A inhibitors (Ledipasvir, Daclatasvir, Ombitasvir), NS5-B inhibitors (Sofosbuvir, … Medicines for hepatitis C
Ribavirin Rivavirin is a drug used to treat certain viral infections, a so-called antiviral drug. In chronic hepatitis C, ribavirin is administered in combination with interferon-α to prevent the hepatitis C-induced form of liver inflammation from worsening and to prevent progressive functional impairment of the liver. The active ingredient ribavirin inhibits the multiplication of viruses … Ribavirin | Medicines for hepatitis C
