Products Acarbose is commercially available in tablet form (Glucobay). It is usually combined with other agents such as metformin, insulin, or sulfonylureas to enhance the antidiabetic effect. Acarbose has been approved in many countries since 1986. Structure and properties Acarbose (C25H43NO18, Mr = 645.60 g/mol) is a pseudotetrasaccharide obtained from the bacterium by fermentation. It … Acarbose Effects and Side Effects
Products The first agent in the GLP-1 receptor agonist group to be approved was exenatide (Byetta) in the United States in 2005 and in many countries and the EU in 2006. In the meantime, several other drugs have been registered (see below). These drugs are also known as incretin mimetics. They are commercially available as … GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Symptoms The possible acute symptoms of type 2 diabetes include: Thirst (polydipsia) and hunger (polyphagia). Increased urination (polyuria). Visual disturbances Weight loss Fatigue, exhaustion, declining performance. Poor wound healing, infectious diseases. Skin lesions, itching Acute complications: Hyperacidity (ketoacidosis), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Untreated diabetes is far from harmless and can lead in the longer term to … Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Causes and Treatment
Products Exenatide is commercially available as an injectable (Byetta, Bydureon). It was approved in the United States in 2005 as the first agent in the GLP-1 receptor agonist group (Byetta). In many countries, the drug was registered a year later. The long-acting Bydureon Pen was approved in many countries in 2012, with additional approval as … Exenatide
Products Saxagliptin is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Onglyza). It was approved in many countries after sitagliptin (Januvia) and vildagliptin (Galvus) as the 3rd active ingredient from the gliptins group in February 2010. Since 2012, two additional combination products with metformin have been registered (Duoglyze, Kombiglyze XR). Kombiglyze XR entered the market … Saxagliptin
Products Lixisenatide was approved as a subcutaneous solution for injection in the EU in 2012, in the United States in 2016, and in many countries in 2017 (Lyxumia). Lixisenatide is also combined with insulin glargine; see iGlarLixi (Suliqua). Structure and properties Lixisenatide is a peptide and GLP1 analog of 44 amino acids that, like exenatide, … Lixisenatide
Products Metformin is commercially available in many countries in the form of film-coated tablets and has been available since 1960. In addition to the original Glucophage, numerous generics are available today. Metformin is often combined with various other antidiabetic drugs fix. It has been used medically since 1957. Other antidiabetic biguanides such as phenformin and … Metformin: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Glimepiride is commercially available in tablet form (Amaryl, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1995. Structure and properties Glimepiride (C24H34N4O5S, Mr = 490.62 g/mol) exists as a white to yellowish-white, crystalline and odorless powder that is practically insoluble in water. It belongs structurally to the sulfonylureas. Effects Glimepiride (ATC A10BB12) has … Glimepiride
Products Glinides are commercially available in tablet form. Repaglinide (NovoNorm, USA: 1997) was the first to be approved in many countries in 1999, and nateglinide (Starlix) was approved a year later in 2000. Structure and properties The glinides differ structurally from the sulfonylureas. They are also referred to as meglitinide analogs. Repaglinide is a carbamoylmethylbenzoic … Glinides (Meglitinides): Diabetes Drugs
Effects Glitazones are antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperglycemic, i.e., they decrease insulin resistance. Glitazones are selective and potent agonists at nuclear PPAR-γ. They improve glycemic control by enhancing insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. Indications Type 2 diabetes mellitus Active ingredients Pioglitazone (Actos) Rosiglitazone (Avandia, off label). Troglitazone (Rezulin, out of commerce, liver … Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
Products Nateglinide is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Starlix, Starlix mite). It has been approved in many countries since 2000. Structure and properties Nateglinide (C19H27NO3, Mr = 317.42 g/mol) is a cyclohexane derivative of the amino acid phenylalanine. It is a white powder that is practically insoluble in water. Effects Nateglinide (ATC … Nateglinide
Products Insulin glargine is commercially available as an injectable (Lantus). It has been approved in many countries since 2002. The biosimilar Abasaglar (LY2963016) was approved in the EU in 2014 and in many countries in 2015. The drugs must be stored between 2 to 8°C in a refrigerator. In 2015, Toujeo was additionally approved in … Insulin Glargine
