Scientists demonstrated in several studies that a daily intake of 300 mg phosphatidyl serine (PS) from bovine cortex was tolerated by patients. In addition, a clinical trial evaluated human tolerance to phosphatidyl serine from soy. The researchers described an intake of 200 mg of soy phosphatidyl serine three times daily as safe in elderly subjects. … Phosphatidyl Serine: Safety Assessment
Risk groups for vitamin K deficiency include individuals with: Inadequate intake, for example, in eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or parenteral nutrition. Malabsorption due to gastrointestinal diseases. Decreased utilization in cirrhosis and cholestasis of the liver. Impaired transport in lymphatic drainage disorders. Blockade of the vitamin K cycle by drugs, such as antibiotics, salicylate … Vitamin K: Risk Groups
The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE recommendations (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, etc.). Furthermore, … Vitamin K: Intake
Like the other glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfates are negatively charged and highly hydrated. They attract positively charged sodium ions, which in turn induce water influx. Finally, chondroitin sulfate helps draw fluid into the proteoglycans and thus into the extracellular matrix (extracellular matrix, intercellular substance, ECM, ECM) of articular cartilage and synovium (synovial fluid). Chondroitin sulfate is … Chondroitin Sulfate: Functions
Scientists published an intake value of chondroitin sulfate that corresponds to the observed safe level (OSL) and the highest observed intake (HOI). They identified an intake value of 1,200 mg daily of chondroitin sulfate as the OSL and HOI.This value corresponds to the highest intake value tested to date in human clinical trials. However, the … Chondroitin Sulfate: Safety Assessment
Vitamin E deficiency does not occur primarily as a result of inadequate dietary intake, because adequate amounts of vitamin E are present in a mixed diet. Vitamin E deficiency usually develops as a result of congenital or acquired disease. In the foreground are diseases with fat malassimilation, as is the case, for example, in sprue, … Vitamin E: Deficiency Symptoms
The European food safety authority (EFSA) last evaluated vitamins and minerals for safety in 2006 and set a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This UL reflects the maximum safe level of a micronutrient that will not cause adverse effects when taken daily from all sources for … Vitamin E: Safety Assessment
Vitamin K is called a coagulation vitamin because of its antihemorrhagic (hemostatic) effect, which was discovered in 1929 by physiologist and biochemist Carl Peter Henrik Dam on the basis of blood clotting studies. Vitamin K is not a uniform substance, but occurs in three structural variants. The following substances of the vitamin K group can … Vitamin K: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
Interactions of vitamin K with other micronutrients (vital substances): Vitamin A and vitamin E High doses of vitamin A and vitamin E affect vitamin K metabolism. In this regard, sufficient vitamin A interferes with vitamin K absorption, whereas a form of vitamin E (tocopherol quinones) inhibits the vitamin K-dependent carboylase enzyme.
In the National Nutrition Survey II (NVS II, 2008), the dietary behavior of the population was investigated for Germany and it was shown how this affects the average daily nutrient intake with macro- and micronutrients (vital substances). The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are used as the basis for … Vitamin D: Supply Situation
Vitamin E is the name given to all natural and synthetic tocol and tocotrienol derivatives (derivatives) that have the biological activity of alpha-tocopherol. Alpha-tocopherol or its stereoisomer RRR-alpha-tocopherol (old name: D-alpha-tocopherol) represents the most important compound occurring in nature [2, 3, 11-13]. The term “tocopherol” is derived from the Greek word syllables tocos (birth) and … Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
The European food safety authority (EFSA) was unable to derive a safe maximum daily intake due to a lack of data with very high doses of vitamin C. In addition to conventional dietary intake, EFSA considers a daily amount of 1,000 mg of vitamin C in the form of supplements to be safe. The amount … Vitamin C: Safety Assessment
