Medical history (history of illness) is an important component in the diagnosis of bladder cancer (bladder cancer). Family history
Social history
- What is your occupation?
- Are you exposed to harmful agents in your profession?Affected industries are: Chemical, construction, health service, precision mechanics, electrical engineering, from 2008: also textile, metal, mining, trade and administration. Textile and leather (from 2008: only leather), wood, transport, gas, district heating (source DGUV 2012).
Current anamnesis/system anamnesis (somatic and psychological complaints).
- Have you noticed any blood in the urine?
- How long has this change been present?
- Do you have pain in the bladder area? When urinating?
- Has urination changed in terms of duration and quantity?
- Do you empty only a little urine, although you feel you have a bulging urinary bladder?
- Do you have difficulty holding urine?
- Do you have pain in the lower abdomen, flanks?
- Is the urine concentrated or flocculent?
- Do you suffer from stress or constant tension?
Vegetative anamnesis incl. nutritional anamnesis
- Has your appetite changed?
- Have you lost any unintentional body weight recently?
- Do you smoke? If so, how many cigarettes, cigars or pipes per day?
- Do you drink alcohol? If yes, what drink(s) and how many glasses per day?
- Do you use drugs? If yes, what drugs and how often per day or per week?
Self history incl. medication history.
- Pre-existing conditions (chronic diseases of the urinary tract).
- Surgeries (ureteral intestinal implantation; renal transplantation).
- Allergies
Medications
- Aristolochic acids, a group of structurally similar aromatic nitro compounds from Aristolochia species (this genus includes about 400-500 species).
- Chlornaphazine – drug, which is no longer available in Germany since the 1960s; was previously used against polycythemia (rare myeloproliferative disorder in which all cells in the blood multiply excessively).
- Cyclophosphamide – drug used primarily for therapy in carcinoma (cytostatic drug).
- Phenacetin (analgesic; antipyretic) – this drug is no longer on the market since 1986.
- Rosiglitazone (antidiabetic drug from the group of insulin sensitizers) (+ 60%).
- Second tumor risk is increased after chemotherapy due tochronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) – 3.5 times higher risk of bladder cancer.
X-rays
- External high-voltage irradiation in the small pelvis.
- Radiotherapy (external radiatio or radioactive implants) of localized prostate carcinoma.
Environmental history
- Arsenic
- Men: mortality risk (risk of death)/relative risk (RR) 4.79 (95 percent confidence interval 4.20-5.46).
- Women: Mortality risk/relative risk 6.43 (95-percent confidence interval 5.49-7.54).
- Intake of nitrosamines
- Occupational contact with carcinogens such as aromatic amines (such as aniline, benzidine, toluidine, 2-naphthylamine, naphthylamine, etc. and their derivatives; starting material for pharmaceuticals, plastics, pesticides or dyes)In terms of an occupational disease BK 1301, mainly aromatic amines of category 1 and, with restrictions, category 2 are of importance: e. g. For example, exposure of the hazardous substance contained in gasoline and motor oil o-toluidine (chemical compound from the group of aromatic, single methylated anilines).
- Dry cleaning (4-chloro-o-toluidine).
- Diesel exhaust (due topolycyclic hydrocarbons, PAHs; excretion of PAH metabolites via kidneys).
- Massive exposure to combustion products
- Handling hair dyes (β-naphtylamine).
