Tasks

The amniotic fluid fulfils several important tasks. On the one hand, it serves to protect the embryo or fetus by allowing it to float, and to absorb and dampen external shocks to a certain extent. In addition, the amniotic fluid can compensate for slight temperature fluctuations.

Furthermore, it enables the unborn child to perform movements at an early stage of development and at the same time prevents it from growing together with the cells of the amniotic cavity. Finally, the amniotic fluid also plays a role in the induction of childbirth, as it contributes to the stretching of the cervix. For some years now, the amniotic fluid has also been used for another purpose.

Within the framework of prenatal diagnostics (i.e. a diagnostic procedure that takes place before birth), the amniotic sac can be punctured (amniocentesis) and amniotic fluid removed. The epithelial cells contained in the amniotic fluid can now be subjected to a chromosomal examination. On the one hand, the sex of the child can be determined with a relatively high degree of certainty and on the other hand, it is possible to test for some hereditary diseases and genetic defects, such as trisomy 21 (Down snydrome).

Since this procedure always involves a certain risk, the mother’s consent must always be obtained. It is important that the amount of amniotic fluid corresponds to the developmental status of the child and the amniotic sac. If there is too much amniotic fluid in the amniotic cavity, it is called a polyhydramnion.

This can happen, for example, if the fetus does not drink enough due to an obstruction in the gastrointestinal passage, but the urine production remains largely constant. On the other hand, if there is not enough amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac, an oligohydramnion is present. This condition can be triggered, for example, if insufficient urine is produced due to a malformation in the urogenital tract.

The lack of amniotic fluid can ultimately lead to a variety of other malformations, including those of the face, skull, feet or hips, or underdevelopment of the child’s lungs. In rare cases, an unusually large amount of amniotic fluid is transferred into the mother’s blood during birth. This can lead to an amniotic fluid embolism, which is an absolute emergency.The amniotic fluid causes small vessels in the maternal lungs to become blocked, resulting in respiratory distress and a disruption of the coagulation system. As a result, those affected usually have to be ventilated and closely monitored by intensive care medicine.