Products Zolpidem is commercially available as film-coated tablets, sustained-release tablets, and effervescent tablets (Stilnox, Stilnox CR, generics, USA: Ambien). It has been approved in many countries since 1990. Structure and properties Zolpidem (C19H21N3O, Mr = 307.39 g/mol) is an imidazopyridine that is structurally distinct from the benzodiazepines. It is present in drugs as zolpidem tartrate, … Zolpidem
Withdrawal from the market Rhinathiol Promethazine (Sanofi-Aventis Suisse SA, category C) contained a combination of the sedative antihistamine promethazine and the expectorant mucolytic carbocisteine. According to the package insert, the syrup could be taken for both productive cough and irritable cough (1). It was frequently used in children. The drug was withdrawn from the market … Rhinathiol Promethazine
Products Ivacaftor was approved by the FDA and EMA in 2012 and by Swissmedic in 2014 in film-coated tablet form (Kalydeco). Also available is a fixed combination with lumacaftor (Orkambi). In 2016, a granule was also approved. In 2018, the combination with tezacaftor was approved in the US and EU (Symdeko, Symkevi). In 2020, a … Ivacaftor
Products Tofacitinib was approved in the United States in November 2012, in many countries in 2013, and in the EU in 2017 in film-coated tablet form (Xeljanz). The European Medicines Agency initially rejected the approval in April 2013. However, baricitinib was approved. In the United States, additional sustained-release film-coated tablets are available that are taken … Tofacitinib
Products Quinine is approved in many countries in the form of dragées for malaria therapy (quinine sulfate 250 Hänseler). In Germany, film-coated tablets of 200 mg quinine sulfate are commercially available for the treatment of calf cramps (Limptar N). Structure and properties Quinine (C20H24N2O2, Mr = 324.4 g/mol) usually exists as quinine sulfate, a white … Quinine
Products Vorapaxar was approved in the form of film-coated tablets in the United States in 2014, in the EU in 2015, and in many countries in 2016 (Zontivity, MSD). Structure and properties Vorapaxar (C29H33FN2O4, Mr = 492.6 g/mol) is present as a white powder. It is a tricyclic 3-phenylpyridine derivative of himbacin, a natural alkaloid … Vorapaxar
Products Droxidopa was approved in the United States in 2014 in capsule form (Northera). The drug is not currently registered in many countries. Structure and properties Droxidopa (C9H11NO5, Mr = 213.2 g/mol) exists as an odorless, tasteless, white, crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. In the body, it is biotransformed by DOPA decarboxylase … Droxidopa
Products Vortioxetine is commercially available as film-coated tablets and as an oral solution (drops). It was approved in the United States and the EU in 2013 and in many countries in 2016 (Brintellix, United States: Trintellix). Structure and properties Vortioxetine (C18H22N2S, Mr = 298.4 g/mol) is a piperazine derivative. It is present in the film-coated … Vortioxetine
Products Cerivastatin was commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Lipobay, Baycol). Because of rare possible adverse effects, it was withdrawn from the market in August 2001 (see below). Structure and properties Cerivastatin (C26H34FNO5, Mr = 459.6 g/mol) is a pyridine derivative and is present in drugs as cerivastatin sodium. Unlike other statins, it … Cerivastatin
Products Vismodegib is commercially available in capsule form (Erivedge). The drug was newly approved in many countries in May 2013. Structure and properties Vismodegib (C19H14Cl2N2O3S, Mr = 421.3 g/mol) is a chlorinated methylsulfonylbenzamide derivative and exists as a white to brownish powder. Effects Vismodegib (ATC L01XX43) has antitumor properties. The effects are due to inhibition … Vismodegib
Products Deoxycholic acid was approved as an injectable in the United States in 2015 and in many countries in 2018 (Switzerland: Belkyra, United States: Kybella). Structure and properties Deoxycholic acid (C24H40O4, Mr = 392.6 g/mol) is a secondary bile acid, which is also formed in the human intestine by intestinal bacteria from primary bile acids. … Deoxycholic Acid
Background The tear film is the outermost connection between the surface of the eye and the environment and is involved in the visual process. It moisturizes, protects and nourishes the eye. It is an aqueous gel containing water, mucins, salts, antibacterial proteins and antibodies, vitamin A, and lipids, among other substances, and is distributed over … Dry Eyes: Causes and Remedies
