Pathogenesis (disease development) The exact causes of polymyositis have not yet been determined. What has been proven so far are genetic factors (HLA associations) and pathologic autoimmunologic processes, meaning that the body’s immune system attacks myocytes (muscle cells). In contrast to dermatomyositis, in which antibodies cause myositis (muscle inflammation) by damaging the small blood vessels, … Polymyositis: Causes
Selenium (synonym: selenium; Se) is a trace element from the group of semimetals. It is an essential component of food in the form of organoselenium compounds (e.g., selenocysteine). Essential substances are necessary for life, i.e. the body cannot produce them itself. It is absorbed in the small intestine. It is excreted by the kidneys, but … Selenium: Uses, Effects, Side Effects, Dosage, Interactions, Risks
Skin and subcutaneous (L00-L99). Drug exanthema – skin rash due to allergic reactions to various drugs such as antibiotics. Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Infectious diseases caused by other pathogens. Erythema infectiosum (ringworm). Morbilli (measles) Rubella (rubella)
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination-including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae (white part of the eye) [cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin/mucous membranes in the absence of oxygen)?; generalized edema (water retention in the tissues)?; petechiae (“flea-like … Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS): Examination
To make the diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), two of the following criteria must be met: Leading symptoms Respiratory insufficiency (limitation of breathing) with one of the following criteria: Arterial partial pressure of oxygen <70 mmHg during spontaneous breathing. Horowitz index (oxygenation index; paO2/FiO2 < 175 mmHg) – index that provides information about … Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
The therapy of SIRS is complex. In addition to “Drug Therapy,” which is one of the mainstays, “Causal Therapy” and “Supportive Therapy” (for hemodynamic stabilization, see “Drug Therapy”) are of great importance. Causal therapy Surgical therapy if necessary. focal therapy: The basic prerequisite for successful therapy is surgical therapy of the underlying disease or, if … Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS): Therapy
Therapeutic Objective Risk reduction or prevention of complications. Therapy recommendations Therapy of bronchial asthma – see there! Therapy is based on the number of eosinophils (should be less than 700/ml). Cortisone therapy alone is indicated in the absence of cardiac involvement or severe inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. In case of manifestation in the … Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: Drug Therapy
Calcaneal spur (calcaneal spur, calcaneal spur, fasciitis plantaris/fasciitis plantaris; ICD-10-GM M77.3: calcaneal spur) refers to a thorn-like exostosis (bony outgrowth, toe-oriented) of the calcaneus. Although the calcaneal spur gives its name, it is not causative of the accompanying heel pain. Heel pain is usually caused by an underlying inflammatory disease of the plantar tendon or … Heel Spur
According to current doctrine, an incisional hernia (scar hernia) should be operated on. Incisional hernia surgery can be performed as conventional open surgery or laparoscopically (via laparoscopy). Surgical Procedures Treatment by direct suture; indication: smaller scar hernias (< 2-4 cm). Implantation of a synthetic mesh (open or laparoscopic technique). Sublay mesh position (retromuscular/posterior to muscle). … Incisional Hernia (Scar Hernia): Surgical Therapy
General measures Recurrence prevention: to prevent recurrence of incisional hernia, the affected person should try to relieve the abdominal wall during all movements after surgery. Lifting and carrying heavy loads should be avoided for the first 3-6 months. Nicotine restriction (refrain from tobacco use) – leads to wound healing disorder due to negative influence on … Incisional Hernia (Scar Hernia): Therapy
1st order laboratory parameters – obligatory laboratory tests. Molecular genetic testing – analysis for mutations in the SMN1 gene on chromosome 5. Muscle biopsy (an incision about 7.5 cm long and removal of part of the muscle tissue from the thigh) – if atrophy of type 1 (faster twitching) and type 2 (slow twitching) muscle … Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Test and Diagnosis
Therapy goals Alleviation of symptomatology and discomfort Slowing of the progression Healing Therapy recommendations Nusinersen (Spinraza; drug from the antisense oligonucleotide class; available in Germany since July 2017): This is a single-stranded nucleic acid that binds to the complementary intron (noncoding region of a pre-RNA transcript) 7 of SMN2 pre-mRNA (mRNA subject to processing), preventing … Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Drug Therapy
