Eyes and ocular appendages (H00-H59).
- Keratitis (corneal inflammation).
- Sicca syndrome (xerophthalmia (decreased tear production or dry eyes) and xerostomia (dry mouth)).
- Xerophthalmia (decreased tear production or dry eyes) of other genesis (emergence), e.g. age-related (> 65 years), by drugs such as antihistamines, antidepressants, dry air, vitamin A deficiency (for more see below Keratoconjunctivitis sicca / causes).
Blood, blood-forming organs – immune system (D50-D90).
- Sarcoidosis (synonyms: Boeck’s disease; Schaumann-Besnier’s disease) – systemic disease of connective tissue with granuloma formation (skin, lungs, and lymph nodes).
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- HIV infection
- Influenza (flu) – caused by influenza virus type A.
- Viral hepatitis (viral inflammation of the liver)
Mouth, esophagus (esophagus), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Benign lymphoepithelial lesion of salivary glands – special form of immunosialadenitis with tumor-like salivary gland enlargement.
- Xerostomia (dry mouth) of other genesis (origin), e.g. age-related (> 65 years), too little drinking, by drugs such as antihistamines, antidepressants.
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Lymphoma (neoplasm originating from the lymphatic system).
Other differential diagnoses
- Previous radiatio (radiotherapy).
Medication
- Antiarrhythmics
- Class III antiarrhythmics (amiodarone).
- Anticholinergics (atropine, scopolamine, homatropine).
- Antidepressants
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors).
- Tricyclic antidepressants ( amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine).
- Antiparkinsonian drugs
- Antipsychotics (neuroleptics) – phenothiazines/chlorpromazines; haloperidol
- Beta-receptor blockers/ß-blockers (atenolol, metaprolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol).
- Bisphosphonates (alendronate, pamidronate).
- Benzalkonium chloride (BAC)
- Diuretics (dehydrating agents)
- H1 antihistamines
- 1st generation antihistamines – chlorphenamine, chlorphenoxamine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dexbromopheniramine, dimenhydrinate, dimetindene, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, meclozine, mepyramine, oxomemazine, pheniramine
- 2nd generation antihistamines – bilastine, cetirizine, desloratadine, fexofenadine, levocetirizine, loratadine.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
- HCV protease inhibitors (boceprevir).
- Hormones
- Postmenopausal estrogen therapy
- Topical IOP-lowering drugs (IOP-lowering drugs).
- Rauwolfia alkaloids (reserpine).
- Retinoids (isotretinoin)
- Systemic chemotherapy
