A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, body weight, body height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes and sclerae (white part of the eye). Abdomen (abdomen) Shape of the abdomen? Skin color? Skin texture? Efflorescences (skin changes)? Pulsations? Bowel movements? … Paratyphoid Fever: Examination
Laboratory parameters of the 1st order – obligatory laboratory tests. Direct pathogen detection from blood or urine, stool, bone marrow, duodenal secretions, or Antibody detection [in acute illness, pathogen detection (e.g., from stool) is the investigation of choice], can be determined: S. paratyphi B-Ak (OH antigens). S. typhimurium-Ak (OH antigens). S. typhi-Ak (O antigen). S. … Paratyphoid Fever: Test and Diagnosis
Therapy goals Rehydration (fluid balance). Elimination of pathogens Avoidance of complications Therapy recommendations Symptomatic therapy including fluid replacement – oral rehydration for signs of dehydration (fluid deficiency; > 3% weight loss): administration of oral rehydration solutions (ORL), which should be hypotonic, between meals (“tea breaks”) for mild to moderate dehydration. If necessary, balance the electrolytes … Paratyphoid Fever: Drug Therapy
Obligatory medical device diagnostics. Sonography/comupter tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-if biliary tract involvement [evidence of dilated bile ducts]. Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic clarification. Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs) – for basic … Paratyphoid Fever: Diagnostic Tests
To prevent paratyphoid fever, attention must be paid to reducing risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Diet – consumption of raw, contaminated foods and beverages (“Peel it, cook it, or forget it!”). Other risk factors Warm season (high outdoor temperatures)
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate paratyphoid fever: Nausea (nausea)/vomiting. Diarrhea (diarrhea) Abdominal pain (abdominal discomfort) Fever up to 39 °C The duration of symptomatology is usually four to ten days.The symptoms are similar to the symptoms of typhoid fever, but are usually much milder.
Pathogenesis (development of disease) Paratyphoid fever is caused by the serovar paratyphi of the bacterial species Salmonella enterica. The disease is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Fecal-oral transmission is also possible. The incubation period – time from infection to onset of disease – is usually one to ten days. The duration of … Paratyphoid Fever: Causes
General measures Observance of the general hygiene measures! In the occurrence of fever: Bed rest and physical rest (even if the fever is only slight; if there is pain in the limbs and lassitude without fever, bed rest and physical rest is also required, because endocarditis/pericarditis could occur as a result of the infection). Fever … Paratyphoid Fever: Therapy
Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of paratyphoid fever. Family history What is the general health of your relatives? Social history What is your profession? Have you been abroad recently? If so, where exactly? Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). Have you noticed any symptoms of an … Paratyphoid Fever: Medical History
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Influenza Malaria Typhoid fever
The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by paratyphoid fever: Respiratory system (J00-J99) Bronchopneumonia (pneumonia). Cardiovascular system (I00-I99) Endocarditis (endocardial inflammation). Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) (very rare). Thromboembolic events, unspecified. Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Typhoid recurrence Liver, gallbladder and bile ducts – Pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; … Paratyphoid Fever: Complications
