Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of viral hemorrhagic fever. Family history What is the general health status of your relatives? Social history What is your profession? Have you been abroad recently? If so, where exactly? Have you had contact with animals, sick people? Do you remember a mosquito … Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Medical History
The possibility of viral hemorrhagic fever must always be considered in cases of illness with a marked elevation of transaminases (levels of aspartate aminotransferase (abbreviated as GOT or AST) and/or alanine aminotransferase (abbreviated as GPT, ALAT, or ALT) elevated in the blood), signs of renal involvement, or hemorrhagic diathesis (abnormally increased bleeding tendency). The main … Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by viral hemorrhagic fever: Chikungunya fever Skin and subcutaneous (L00-L99). Brownish skin patches Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99) Long-lasting arthralgias (joint pain); often persist for months, occasionally years, and affect especially the small joints Prognosis is good. Dengue fever Blood, … Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Complications
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, body weight, body height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes and sclerae (white part of the eye) [jaundice (jaundice); exanthema (rash) – usually petechial (punctate skin bleeding), possibly also ecchymosis – small area … Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Examination
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF): Chikungunya fever Chikungunya fever (incubation period* 3-12 days; manifestation rate: 72-95%) [second most common imported disease]. Acute rapid rise in fever Cephalgia (headache) Conjunctivitis (conjunctivitis) Myalgia (muscle pain Arthralgia (joint pain; polyarthralgia/pain in multiple joints; ) Synovitis (synovial inflammation) with joint swelling (25-40% of … Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Pathogenesis (disease development) Pathogenesis depends on the type of pathogen. Pathogens are transmitted as follows: see below. Etiology (causes) Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Transmission by mosquitoes, especially Aedes species. Transmission from warm-blooded animals to warm-blooded animals (rodents, primates, etc.). Dengue virus (DENV) Transmission by mosquitoes, mainly Aedes species (especially Aedes aegypti, furthermore Aedes albopictus). Ebola virus … Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Causes
General measures Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) – symptomatic therapy: acetylsalicylic acid or acetaminophen may be given to reduce fever. Dengue virus (DENV) – hospital admission depending on the general condition and always at a platelet drop (drop in the number of platelets) to < 100,000 /μl; in severe courses, the outcome depends largely on the quality … Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Therapy
Laboratory parameters 1st order – obligatory laboratory tests – examination in a special laboratory (protection level 4)! Chikungunya virus – pathogen detection from blood: PCR, virus culture (in the first 3-5 days). IgM, IgG detection from day 8-10. Dengue virus: DENV RNA – virus detection by PCR (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)* – between day 3-7 … Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Test and Diagnosis
Therapeutic targets Symptom relief Elimination of the pathogens (as far as possible). Avoidance of complications (as far as possible) Therapy recommendations Intensive care to support vital functions (circulatory, respiratory). Symptomatic therapy (analgesics), antipyretics (antipyretic drugs)) including rehydration (fluid balance). Virostasis (use of antivirals as far as possible): Crimean-Congo fever – effective given early in individual … Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Drug Therapy
Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics, and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic clarification. Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs) – for basic diagnostics. Electrocardiogram (ECG; recording of the electrical activity of the heart muscle). X-ray of the thorax (X-ray thorax/chest), … Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Diagnostic Tests
To prevent viral hemorrhagic fever, attention must be paid to reducing risk factors. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Transmission by mosquitoes, especially Aedes species. Transmission from warm-blooded animals to warm-blooded animals (rodents, primates, etc.)Note: Tiger mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus) are diurnal mosquitoes and are distributed worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, as well as in temperate zones. Dengue … Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Prevention
