To prevent myocardial infarction (heart attack), attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Diet Excessive caloric intake and high-fat diet (high intake of saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids – found especially in convenience foods, frozen foods, fast foods, snacks). Increased homocysteine due to deficiency of vitamin B6, B12 and … Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Prevention
Laboratory parameters of 1st order – obligatory laboratory tests. Small blood count (alcohol consumption: MCV ↑). Fasting glucose (fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma glucose; preprandial plasma glucose; venous). HbA1c (long-term blood glucose value) Ferritin (iron stores) [ferritin ↑, in 29-50% of cases]. Triglycerides Total cholesterol and LDL/HDL ratio Liver parameters – alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT), … Fatty Liver (Steatosis Hepatis): Test and Diagnosis
Therapeutic targets Reduction of insulin resistance (decreased or abolished action of the hormone insulin) with decreased cardiovascular end-organ damage. Prevention of progression (progression) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In proven NASH, to prevent progressive fibrosis with development of cirrhosis (irreversible (non-reversible) damage to the liver and marked remodeling of liver tissue) and … Fatty Liver (Steatosis Hepatis): Drug Therapy
1st-order laboratory parameters-obligatory laboratory tests. Parathyroid hormone (PTH intact) [↓] Electrolytes Calcium [in serum ↓; in urine ↓] Magnesium [in serum ↓] Phosphate [in serum ↑; in urine ↓] CAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) [in urine ↓] Further notes Primary hypoparathyroidism is considered highly probable when hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency) and hyperphosphatemia (phosphate excess) have been demonstrated … Hypothyroidism (Hypoparathyroidism): Test and Diagnosis
Therapeutic targets Normalization of serum calcium as well as serum phosphate levels. Freedom from symptoms Therapy recommendations For tetany (to stop muscle spasms): 20 ml calcium gluconate solution 10% (slow i.v. injection). Caveat: If the patient is taking digitalis (antiarrhythmic drug), do not administer calcium i.v., because calcium and digitalis act synergistically! If the etiology … Hypothyroidism (Hypoparathyroidism): Drug Therapy
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate anal fissure (anal fissure): Leading symptoms Defecation-dependent anal pain: pain in the anal area/anorectal pain (severe, stabbing), especially during defecation. Anal spasm Pruritus (itching) at the anus Bright bloody stool deposits (or bright red blood on the toilet paper). Note: if necessary, presence of higher-grade hemorrhoidal disease with … Anal Fissure: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Pathogenesis (development of disease) In the pathogenesis of primary anal fissures, hypertonicity of the sphincter muscle plays a central role. Consequently, all causes that increase sphincter tone (sphincter muscle tone) should be discussed. Classically, this is mainly constipation and hard stool. A secondary anal fissure is caused by an injury of the anal canal due … Anal Fissure: Causes
General measures Root Cause Remediation: Stool regulation Sitz baths (increase patient comfort but are not thought to affect healing rates). Aim for normal weight! Determination of BMI (body mass index, body mass index) or body composition by means of electrical impedance analysis and, if necessary, participation in a medically supervised weight loss program. Conventional non-surgical … Anal Fissure: Therapy
Primary hyperparathyroidism Pathogenesis (disease development) Primary hyperparathyroidism is the term used when there is a primary disease of the parathyroid glands (lat. : glandulae parathyroideae) with increased production of parathyroid hormone and resulting hypercalcemia (calcium excess). When the extracellular calcium level is increased, the parathyroid gland reacts by reducing the production and secretion (secretion) of … Parathyroid Hyperfunction (Hyperparathyroidism): Causes
The therapy of secondary as well as tertiary hyperparathyroidism depends mainly on the underlying disease. General measures Review of permanent medication due topossible effect on existing disease. In secondary hyperparathyroidism: adequate outdoor exposure (UV exposure for vitamin D synthesis). Regular check-ups Regular medical checkups Nutritional medicine Nutritional counseling based on nutritional analysis Nutritional recommendations according … Parathyroid Hyperfunction (Hyperparathyroidism): Therapy
Hypoparathyroidism (HP) (synonyms: Hypoparathyroidism; parathyroid insufficiency; parathyroid hormone deficiency; ICD-10-GM E20.-: Hypoparathyroidism) describes an underactivity of the parathyroid glands as a result of which the messenger substance parathyroid hormone (PTH) is not or insufficiently produced. In most people, the parathyroid glands (lat.: Glandulae parathyroideae) consist of four organs about the size of a lentil and … Hypothyroidism (Hypoparathyroidism)
Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism (hypothyroidism). Family history Are there any diseases in your family that are common? What is the general health of your family members? Social anamnesis Current medical history/systemic medical history (somatic and psychological complaints). Do you have/had muscle spasms/muscle cramps? When did … Hypothyroidism (Hypoparathyroidism): Medical History
